war and the future-第17章
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German bomb that is dropped by aeroplane on or behind the British
lines; about twenty go down on the heads of the Germans。 British
air bombs upon guns; stores and communications do some of the
work that the French effect by their systematic demolition fire。
And the British aviator has discovered and is rapidly developing
an altogether fresh branch of air activity in the machine…gun
attack at a very low altitude。 Originally I believe this was
tried in western Egypt; but now it is being increasingly used
upon the British front in France。 An aeroplane which comes down
suddenly; travelling very rapidly; to a few hundred feet; is
quite hard to hit; even if it is not squirting bullets from a
machine gun as it advances。 Against infantry in the open this
sort of thing is extremely demoralising。 It is a method of
attack still in its infancy; but there are great possibilities
for it in the future; when the bending and cracking German line
gives; as ultimately it must give if this offensive does not
relax。 If the Allies persist in their pressure upon the western
front; if there is no relaxation in the supply of munitions from
Britain and no lapse into tactical stupidity; a German retreat
eastward is inevitable。
Now a cavalry pursuit alone may easily come upon disaster;
cavalry can be so easily held up by wire and a few machine guns。
I think the Germans have reckoned on that and on automobiles;
probably only the decay of their /morale/ prevents their
opening their lines now on the chance of the British attempting
some such folly as a big cavalry advance; but I do not think the
Germans have reckoned on the use of machine guns in aeroplanes;
supported by and supporting cavalry or automobiles。 At the
present time I should imagine there is no more perplexing
consideration amidst the many perplexities of the German military
intelligence than the new complexion put upon pursuit by these
low level air developments。 It may mean that in all sorts of
positions where they had counted confidently on getting away;
they may not be able to get awayfrom the face of a scientific
advance properly commanding and using modern material in a
dexterous and intelligent manner。
III。 THE WAR LANDSCAPE
1
I saw rather more of the British than of the French aviators
because of the vileness of the weather when I visited the latter。
It is quite impossible for me to institute comparisons between
these two services。 I should think that the British organisation
I saw would be hard to beat; and that none but the French could
hope to beat it。 On the Western front the aviation has been
screwed up to a very much higher level than on the Italian line。
In Italy it has not become; as it has in France; the decisive
factor。 The war on the Carso front in ItalyI say nothing of
the mountain warfare; which is a thing in itselfis in fact
still in the stage that I have called B。 It is good warfare well
waged; but not such an intensity of warfare。 It has not; as one
says of pianos and voices; the same compass。
This is true in spite of the fact that the Italians along of all
the western powers have adopted a type of aeroplane larger and
much more powerful than anything except the big Russian machines。
They are not at all suitable for any present purpose upon the
Italian front; but at a later stage; when the German is retiring
and Archibald no longer searches the air; they would be
invaluable on the western front because of their enormous bomb or
machine gun carrying capacity。 〃But sufficient for the day is
the swat thereof;〃 as the British public schoolboy says; and no
doubt we shall get them when we have sufficiently felt the need
for them。 The big Caproni machines which the Italians possess
are of 300 h。p。 and will presently be of 500h。p。 One gets up a
gangway into them was one gets into a yacht; they wave a main
deck; a forward machine gun deck and an aft machine gun; one may
walk about in them; in addition to guns and men they carry a very
considerable weight of bombs beneath。 They cannot of course
beget up with the speed nor soar to the height of our smaller
aeroplanes; it is as carriers in raids behind a force of fighting
machines that they should find their use。
The British establishment I visited was a very refreshing and
reassuring piece of practical organisation。 The air force of
Great Britain has had the good fortune to develop with
considerable freedom from old army tradition; many of its
officers are ex…civil engineers and so forth; Headquarters is a
little shy of technical direction; and all this in a service that
is still necessarily experimental and plastic is to the good。
There is little doubt that; given a release from prejudice; bad
associations and the equestrian tradition; British technical
intelligence and energy can do just as well as the French。 Our
problem with our army is not to create intelligence; there is an
abundance of it; but to release it from a dreary social and
official pressure。 The air service ransacks the army for men
with technical training and sees that it gets them; there is a
real keenness upon the work; and the men in these great mobile
hangars talk shop readily and clearly。
I have already mentioned and the newspapers have told abundantly
of the pluck; daring; and admirable work of our aviators; what is
still untellable in any detail is the energy and ability of the
constructive and repairing branch upon whose efficiency their
feats depend。 Perhaps the most interesting thing I saw in
connection with the air work was the hospital for damaged
machines and the dump to which those hopelessly injured are
taken; in order that they may be disarticulated and all that is
sound in them used for reconstruction。 How excellently this work
is being done may be judged from the fact that our offensive in
July started with a certain number of aeroplanes; a number that
would have seemed fantastic in a story a year before the war
began。 These aeroplanes were in constant action; they fought;
they were shot down; they had their share of accidents。 Not only
did the repair department make good every loss; but after three
weeks of the offensive the army was fighting with fifty more
machines than at the outset。 One goes through a vast
Rembrandtesque shed opening upon a great sunny field; in whose
cool shadows rest a number of interesting patients; captured and
slightly damaged German machines; machines of our own with scars
of battle upon them; one or two cases of bad landing。 The star
case came over from Peronne。 It had come in two days ago。
I examined this machine and I will tell the state it was in; but
I perceive that what I have to tell will read not like a sober
statement of truth but like strained and silly lying。 The
machine had had a direct hit from an Archibald shell。 The
propeller had been clean blown away; so had the machine gun and
all its fittings。 The engines had been stripped naked and a good
deal bent about。 The timber stay over the aviator had been
broken; so that it is marvellous the wings of the machine did not
just up at once like the wings of a butterfly。 The solitary
aviator had been wounded in the face。 He had then come down in a
long glide into the British lines; and made a tolerable
landing。。。。
2
One consequence of the growing importance of the aeroplane in
warfare is the development of a new military art; the art of
camouflage。 Camouflage is humbugging disguise; it is making
thingsand especially in this connection; military thingsseem
not what they are; but something peaceful and rural; something
harmless and quite uninteresting to aeroplane observers。 It is
the art of making big guns look like haystacks and tents like
level patches of field。
Also it includes the art of making attractive models of guns;
camps; trenches and the like that are not bona…fide guns; camps;
or trenches at all; so that the aeroplane bomb…dropper and the
aeroplane observer may waste his time and energies and the enemy
gunfire be misdirected。 In Italy I saw dummy guns so made as to
deceive the very elect at a distance of a few thousand feet。 The
camouflage of concealment aims eith