history of philosophy-第79章
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exact reference to what takes place in every other substance and in the whole universe。” The
meaning of this is that the monad is not a thing apart; or that there are two views of it; the one
making it out as spontaneously generating its representations; so far as form is concerned; and the
other making it out to be a moment of the whole of necessity; Spinoza would call this regarding it
from both sides。 An organic whole; a human being; is thus for instance the assertion of his aim
from out of himself: at the same time the being directed on something else is involved in his Notion。
He represents this and that to himself; he wills this and that; his activity employs itself and brings
about changes。 His inward determination thus becomes corporeal determination; and then change
going beyond himself; he appears as cause; influencing other monads。 But this Being…for…another is
only an appearance。 For the other; i。e。; the actual; in so far as the monad determines it or makes it
negative; is the passive element which the monad has in itself: all moments are indeed contained
therein; and for that very reason it has no need of other monads; but only of the laws of the
monads in itself。 But if the Being…for…another is mere appearance; the same may be said of
Being…for…self; for this has significance only in reference to Being…for…another。
The important point in Leibnitz's philosophy is this intellectuality of representation which Leibnitz;
however; did not succeed in carrying out; and for the same reason this intellectuality is at the same
time infinite multiplicity; which has remained absolutely independent; because this intellectuality has
not been able to obtain mastery over the One。 The separation in the Notion; which proceeds as
far as release from itself; or appearance in distinct independence; Leibnitz did not succeed in
bringing together into unity。 The harmony of these two moments; the course of mental
representations and the course of things external; appearing mutually as cause and effect; is not
brought by Leibnitz into relation in and for themselves; he therefore lets them fall asunder; although
each is passive as regards the other。 He moreover considers both of them in one unity; to be sure;
but their activity is at the same time not for themselves。 Every forward advance becomes therefore
incomprehensible when taken by itself; because the course of the representation as through aims in
itself; requires this moment of Other…Being or of passivity; and again the connection of cause and
effect requires the universal: each however lacks this its other moment。 The unity which according
to Leibnitz is to be brought about by the pre…established harmony; namely that the determination
of the will of man and the outward change harmonize; is therefore brought about by means of
another; if not indeed from without; for this other is God。 Before God the monads are not to be
independent; but ideal and absorbed in Him。
At this point the demand would come in that in God Himself there should be comprehended the
required unity of that which before fell asunder; and God has the special privilege of having laid on
Him the burden of what cannot be comprehended。 The word of God is thus the makeshift which
leads to a unity which itself is only hypothetical; for the process of the many out of this unity is not
demonstrated。 God plays therefore in the later philosophy a far greater part than in the early;
because now the comprehension of the absolute opposition of thought and Being is the chief
demand。 With Leibnitz the extent to which thoughts advance is the extent of the universe; where
comprehension ceases; the universe ceases; and God begins: so that later it was even maintained
that to be comprehended was derogatory to God; because he was thus degraded into finitude。 In
that procedure a beginning is made from the determinate; this and that are stated to be necessary;
but since in the next place the unity of these moments is not comprehended; it is transferred to
God。 God is therefore; as it were; the waste channel into which all contradictions flow: Leibnitz's
Théodicée is just a popular summing up such as this。 There are; nevertheless; all manner of
evasions to be searched out — in the opposition of God's justice and mercy; that the one tempers
the other; how the fore…knowledge of God and human freedom are compatible — all manner of
syntheses which never come to the root of the matter nor show both sides to be moments。
These are the main moments of Leibnitz's philosophy。 It is a metaphysic which starts from a
narrow determination of the understanding; namely; from absolute multiplicity; so that connection
can only be grasped as continuity。 Thereby absolute unity is certainly set aside; but all the same it
is presupposed; and the association of individuals with one another is to be explained only in this
way; that it is God who determines the harmony in the changes of individuals。 This is an artificial
system; which is founded on a category of the understanding; that of the absoluteness of abstract
individuality。 What is of importance in Leibnitz lies in the maxims; in the principle of individuality
and the maxim of indistinguishability。
1。 La vie de Mr。 Leibnitz par Mr。 le Chevalier de Jaucourt (Essais de Théodicée; par Leibnitz;
Amsterdam; 1747; T。 I。); pp。 1…28; 45; 59…62; 66…74; 77…80; 87…92; 110…116; 148…151;
Brucker。 Hist。 crit。 phil。; T。 IV。 P。 II。 pp。 335…368; Leibnitzii Opera omnia (ed。 Dutens); T。 II。; P
I。 pp。 45; 46。
2。 Vie de Mr。 Leibnitz; pp。 134…143; Brucker。 Hist。 crit。 philos。 T。 IV。 P。 II。 pp。 385; 389;
Tennemann; vol。 xi。 pp。 181; 182。
3。 Leibnitzii Opera; T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 32…39。
4。 Ibidem; Principia philosophi?; pp。 20…31。
5。 cf。 Leibnitz: Essais de Théodicée; T。 I。 P。 I。 § 10; p。 86。
6。 Leibnitz: Principes de la nature et la grace; § 1; p。 32 (Recueil de diverses pièces par
Des…Maiseaux; T。 II。 p。 485); Principia philosophi?; § 1; 2; p。 20。
7。 Leibnitzii De ipsa natura sive de vi insita actionibusque creaturarum (Oper。 T。 II。 P。 II。); § 11;
p。 55; Principia philosophi?; § 3…6; 18; pp。 20…22; Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 2; p。
32。
8。 Leibnitzii Principa philosophi?; § 7; p。 21; Troisième éclaircissement du système de la
communication des substances (Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。); p。 73 (Recueil; T。 II; p。 402)。
9。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophi?; § 8; 9; p。 21; Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 128; 129; § 4; 5: Il n'y a
point deux individus indiscrenables。 Un gentilhomme d'esprit de mes amis; en parlant avec moi en
présence de Mad。 l'Electrice dans le jardin de Herrenhausen; crut qu'il trouverait bien deux
feuilles entièrement semblables。 Mad。 l'Electrice l'en défia; et il court longtemps en vain pour en
chercher。 Deux gouttes d'eau ou de lait regardées par le microscope se trouveront discernables。
C'est un argument contre les Atomes (Recueil; T。 I。 p。 50)。…Cf。 Hegel's Werke; Vol。 IV。 p。 45。
10。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophi?; § 10…16; pp。 21; 22; Principes de la nature et de la grace; §
2; p。 32。
11。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophi?; § 19…23; pp。 22; 23; Principes de la nature et de la grace; §
4; pp。 33; 34; Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain (?uvres philosophiques de Leibnitz par
Raspe); Bk。 II。 chap。 ix。 § 4; p。 90。
12。 Leibnitzii De amina brutorum (Op。 T。 II。 P。 I。); § 2…4; pp。 230; 231。
13。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 214; 215; § 3; De ipsa natura sive de vi insita; § 11; p。 55;
Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances (Op。 T。 II。 P。 I); pp。 50; 53。
14。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 79; 121; 234…237; 280; 295; Nouveaux essais sur
l'entendement humain; Bk。 II。 chap。 xiii。 § 15; 17; pp。 106; 107。
15。 Leibnitz: Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain; Bk。 II。 chap。 xii。 § 7; pp。 102; 103;
chap。 xxi。 § 72; p。 170; chap。 xxiv。 § 1; p。 185。
16。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 p。 39; Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain; Bk。 III。 chap。 vi。
§ 24; p。 278; § 39; p。 290。
17。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 II。 p。 60; Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain; Bk。 II。 chap。
xxiii。 § 23; p。 181。
18。 Leibnitzii Principia p