the day of the confederacy-第8章

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became　disillusioned。　He　saw　that　the　international　situation　was
not　so　simple　as　it　seemed；　that　while　the　South　had　powerful
friends　abroad；　it　also　had　powerful　foes；　that　the　British
anti…slavery　party　was　a　more　formidable　enemy　than　he　had
expected　it　to　be；　and　that　intervention　was　not　a　foregone
conclusion。　The　task　of　an　unrecognized　ambassador　being　too
annoying　for　him；　Yancey　was　relieved　at　his　own　request　and
Mason　was　sent　out　to　take　his　place。　A　singular　little　incident
like　a　dismal　prophecy　occurred　as　Yancey　was　on　his　way　home。　He
passed　through　Havana　early　in　1862；　when　the　news　of　the
surrender　of　Fort　Donelson　had　begun　to　stagger　the　hopes　and
impair　the　prestige　of　the　Confederates。　By　the　advice　of　the
Confederate　agent　in　Cuba；　Yancey　did　not　call　on　the　Spanish
Governor　but　sent　him　word　that　〃delicacy　alone　prompted　his
departure　without　the　gratification　of　a　personal　interview。〃　The
Governor　expressed　himself　as　〃exceedingly　grateful　for　the　noble
sentiment　which　prevented〃　Yancey　from　causing　international
complications　at　Havana。

The　history　of　the　first　year　of　Confederate　foreign　affairs　is
interwoven　with　the　history　of　Confederate　finance。　During　that
year　the　South　became　a　great　buyer　in　Europe。　Arms；　powder；
cloth；　machinery；　medicines；　ships；　a　thousand　things；　had　all　to
be　bought　abroad。　To　establish　the　foreign　credit　of　the　new
Government　was　the　arduous　task　of　the　Confederate　Secretary　of
the　Treasury；　Christopher　G。　Memminger。　The　first　great　campaign
of　the　war　was　not　fought　by　armies。　It　was　a　commercial　campaign
fought　by　agents　of　the　Federal　and　Confederate　governments　and
having　for　its　aim　the　cornering　of　the　munitions　market　in
Europe。　In　this　campaign　the　Federal　agents　had　decisive
advantages：　their　credit　was　never　questioned；　and　their　enormous
purchases　were　never　doubtful　ventures　for　the　European　sellers。
In　some　cases　their　superior　credit　enabled　them　to　overbid　the
Confederate　agents　and　to　appropriate　large　contracts　which　the
Confederates　had　negotiated　but　which　they　could　not　hold　because
of　the　precariousness　of　their　credit。　And　yet；　all　things
considered；　the　Confederate　agents　made　a　good　showing。　In　the
report　of　the　Secretary　of　War　in　February；　1862；　the　number　of
rifles　contracted　for　abroad　was　put　at　91；000；　of　which　15；000
had　been　delivered。　The　chief　reliance　of　the　Confederate
Treasury　for　its　purchases　abroad　was　at　first　the　specie　in　the
Southern　branch　of　the　United　States　Mint　and　in　Southern　banks。
The　former　the　Confederacy　seized　and　converted　to　its　own　use。
Of　the　latter　it　lured　into　its　own　hands　a　very　large　proportion
by　what　is　commonly　called　〃the　fifteen　million　loan〃an　issue
of
eight　percent　bonds　authorized　in　February；　1861。　Most　of　this
specie　seems　to　have　been　taken　out　of　the　country　by　the
purchase　of　European　commodities。　A　little；　to　be　sure；　remained；
for　there　was　some　gold　still　at　home　when　the　Confederacy　fell。
But　the　sum　was　small。

In　addition　to　this　loan　Memminger　also　persuaded　Congress　on
August　19；　1861；　to　lay　a　direct　taxthe　〃war　tax；〃　as　it　was
calledof　one…half　of　one　per　cent　on　all　property　except
Confederate　bonds　and　money。　As　required　by　the　Constitution　this
tax　was　apportioned　among　the　States；　but　if　it　assumed　its
assessment　before　April　1；　1862；　each　State　was　to　have　a
reduction　of　ten　per　cent。　As　there　was　a　general　aversion　to　the
idea　of　Confederate　taxation　and　a　general　faith　in　loans；　what
the　States　did；　as　a　rule；　was　to　assume　their　assessment；　agree
to　pay　it　into　the　Treasury；　and　then　issue　bonds　to　raise　the
necessary　funds；　thus　converting　the　war　tax　into　a　loan。

The　Confederate；　like　the　Union；　Treasury　did　not　have　the
courage　to　force　the　issue　upon　taxation　and　leaned　throughout
the　war　largely　upon　loans。　It　also　had　recourse　to　the　perilous
device　of　paper　money；　the　gold　value　of　which　was　not
guaranteed。　Beginning　in　March；　1861；　it　issued　under　successive
laws　great　quantities　of　paper　notes；　some　of　them　interest
bearing；　some　not。　It　used　these　notes　in　payment　of　its　domestic
obligations。　The　purchasing　value　of　the　notes　soon　started　on　a
disastrous　downward　course；　and　in　1864　the　gold　dollar　was　worth
thirty　paper　dollars。　The　Confederate　Government　thus　became
involved　in　a　problem　of　self…preservation　that　was　but　half
solved　by　the　system　of　tithes　and　impressment　which　we　shall
encounter　later。　The　depreciation　of　these　notes　left
governmental　clerks　without　adequate　salaries　and　soldiers
without　the　means　of　providing　for　their　families。　During　most　of
the　war；　women　and　other　noncombatants　had　to　support　the
families　or　else　rely　upon　local　charity　organized　by　state　or
county　boards。

Long　before　all　the　evils　of　paper　money　were　experienced；　the
North；　with　great　swiftness；　concentrated　its　naval　forces　so　as
to　dominate　the　Southern　ports　which　had　trade　relations　with
Europe。　The　shipping　ports　were　at　once　congested　with　cotton　to
the　great　embarrassment　of　merchants　and　planters。　Partly　to
relieve　them；　the　Confederate　Congress　instituted　in　May；　1861；
what　is　known　today　as　〃the　hundred　million　loan。〃　It　was　the
first　of　a　series　of　〃produce　loans。〃　The　Treasury　was　authorized
to　issue　eight　percent　bonds；　to　fall　due　in　twenty　years；　and
to　sell　them　for　specie　or　to　exchange　them　for　produce　or
manufactured　articles。　In　the　course　of　the　remaining　months　of
1861　there　were　exchanged　for　these　bonds　great　quantities　of
produce　including　some　400；000　bales　of　cotton。

In　spite　of　the　distress　of　the　planters；　however；　the　illusion
of　King　Cotton's　power　does　not　seem　to　have　been　seriously
impaired　during　1861。　In　fact；　strange　as　it　now　seems；　the　frame
of　mind　of　the　leaders　appears　to　have　been　proof；　that　year；
against　alarm　over　the　blockade。　For　two　reasons；　the　Confederacy
regarded　the　blockade　at　first　as　a　blessing　in　disguise。　It　was
counted　on　to　act　as　a　protective　tariff　in　stimulating
manufactures；　and　at　the　same　time　the　South　expected
interruption　of　the　flow　of　cotton　towards　Europe　to　make　England
feel　her　dependence　upon　the　Confederacy。　In　this　way　there　would
be　exerted　an　economic　coercion　which　would　compel　intervention。
Such　reasoning　lay　behind　a　law　passed　in　May　forbidding　the
export　of　cotton　except　through　the　seaports　of　the　Confederacy。
Similar　laws　were　enacted　by　the　States。　During　the　summer；　many
cotton　factors　joined　in　advising　the　planters　to　hold　their
cotton　until　the　blockade　broke　down。　In　the　autumn；　the　Governor
of　Louisiana　forbade　the　export　of　cotton　from　New　Orleans。　So
unshakeable　was　the　illusion　in　1861；　that　King　Cotton　had
England　in　his　grip！　The　illusion　died　hard。　Throughout　1862；　and
even　in　1863；　the　newspapers　published　appeals　to　the　planters　to
give　up　growing　cotton　for　a　time；　and　even　to　destroy　what　they
had；　so　as　to　coerce　the　obdurate　Englishmen。

Meanwhile；　Mason　had　been　accorded　by　the　British　upper　classes
that　generous　welcome　which　they　have　always　extended　to　the
representative；　of　a　people　fighting　gallantly　against　odds。
During　the　hopeful　days　of　1862that　Golden　Age　of
ConfederacyMason；　though　not　recognized　by　the　English
Government；　was　shown　every　kindness　by　leading　members　of　the
aristocracy；　who　visited　him　in　London　and　received　him　at　their
houses　in　the　country。　It　was　during　this　period　of　buoyant　hope
that　the　Alabama　was　allowed　to　go　to　sea　from　Liverpool　in　July；
1862。　At　the　same　time　Mason　heard　his　hosts　express　undisguised
admiration　for　the　valor　of　the　soldiers　serving　under　Jackson
and　Lee。　Whether　he　formed　any　true　impression　of　the　other　side
of　British　idealism；　its　resolute　opposition　to　slavery；　may　be
questioned。　There　seems　little　doubt　that　he　did　not　perceive　the
turning　of　the　tide　of　English　public　opinion；　in　the　autumn　of
1862；　following　the　Emancipation　Proclamation　and　the　great
reverses　of　September　and　OctoberAntietam…Sharpsburg；
Perryville；　Corinththe　backflow　of　all　three　of　the　Confederate
offensives。

The　cotton　famine　in　England；　where　perhaps　a　million　people　were
in　actual　want　through