±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the critique of judgement >

µÚ37ÕÂ

the critique of judgement-µÚ37ÕÂ

С˵£º the critique of judgement ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



hich¡¡as¡¡mere¡¡sound¡¡£¨not¡¡yet¡¡cultivated£©¡¡understanding£»¡¡is¡¡looked¡¡upon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡least¡¡we¡¡can¡¡expect¡¡from¡¡any¡¡one¡¡claiming¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡man£»¡¡has¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡doubtful¡¡honour¡¡of¡¡having¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡common¡¡sense¡¡£¨sensus¡¡communis£©¡¡bestowed¡¡upon¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡bestowed£»¡¡too£»¡¡in¡¡an¡¡acceptation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡word¡¡common¡¡£¨not¡¡merely¡¡in¡¡our¡¡own¡¡language£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡actually¡¡has¡¡a¡¡double¡¡meaning£»¡¡but¡¡also¡¡in¡¡many¡¡others£©¡¡which¡¡makes¡¡it¡¡amount¡¡to¡¡what¡¡is¡¡vulgar¡­what¡¡is¡¡everywhere¡¡to¡¡be¡¡met¡¡with¡­a¡¡quality¡¡which¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡confers¡¡credit¡¡or¡¡distinction¡¡upon¡¡its¡¡possessor¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡However£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡name¡¡sensus¡¡communis¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡understood¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡a¡¡public¡¡sense£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡a¡¡critical¡¡faculty¡¡which¡¡in¡¡its¡¡reflective¡¡act¡¡takes¡¡account¡¡£¨a¡¡priori£©¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡everyone¡¡else£»¡¡in¡¡order£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡were£»¡¡to¡¡weigh¡¡its¡¡judgement¡¡with¡¡the¡¡collective¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡mankind£»¡¡and¡¡thereby¡¡avoid¡¡the¡¡illusion¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡subjective¡¡and¡¡personal¡¡conditions¡¡which¡¡could¡¡readily¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡for¡¡objective£»¡¡an¡¡illusion¡¡that¡¡would¡¡exert¡¡a¡¡prejudicial¡¡influence¡¡upon¡¡its¡¡judgement¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡accomplished¡¡by¡¡weighing¡¡the¡¡judgement£»¡¡not¡¡so¡¡much¡¡with¡¡actual£»¡¡as¡¡rather¡¡with¡¡the¡¡merely¡¡possible£»¡¡judgements¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡putting¡¡ourselves¡¡in¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡everyone¡¡else£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡abstraction¡¡from¡¡the¡¡limitations¡¡which¡¡contingently¡¡affect¡¡our¡¡own¡¡estimate¡£¡¡This£»¡¡in¡¡turn£»¡¡is¡¡effected¡¡by¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡letting¡¡go¡¡the¡¡element¡¡of¡¡matter£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡sensation£»¡¡in¡¡our¡¡general¡¡state¡¡of¡¡representative¡¡activity£»¡¡and¡¡confining¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡the¡¡formal¡¡peculiarities¡¡of¡¡our¡¡representation¡¡or¡¡general¡¡state¡¡of¡¡representative¡¡activity¡£¡¡Now¡¡it¡¡may¡¡seem¡¡that¡¡this¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡reflection¡¡is¡¡too¡¡artificial¡¡to¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡faculty¡¡which¡¡we¡¡call¡¡common¡¡sense¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡is¡¡an¡¡appearance¡¡due¡¡only¡¡to¡¡its¡¡expression¡¡in¡¡abstract¡¡formulae¡£¡¡In¡¡itself¡¡nothing¡¡is¡¡more¡¡natural¡¡than¡¡to¡¡abstract¡¡from¡¡charm¡¡and¡¡emotion¡¡where¡¡one¡¡is¡¡looking¡¡for¡¡a¡¡judgement¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡serve¡¡as¡¡a¡¡universal¡¡rule¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡While¡¡the¡¡following¡¡maxims¡¡of¡¡common¡¡human¡¡understanding¡¡do¡¡not¡¡properly¡¡come¡¡in¡¡here¡¡as¡¡constituent¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡critique¡¡of¡¡taste£»¡¡they¡¡may¡¡still¡¡serve¡¡to¡¡elucidate¡¡its¡¡fundamental¡¡propositions¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡these£º¡¡£¨I£©¡¡to¡¡think¡¡for¡¡oneself£»¡¡£¨2£©¡¡to¡¡think¡¡from¡¡the¡¡standpoint¡¡of¡¡everyone¡¡else£»¡¡£¨3£©¡¡always¡¡to¡¡think¡¡consistently¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡is¡¡the¡¡maxim¡¡of¡¡unprejudiced¡¡thought£»¡¡the¡¡second¡¡that¡¡of¡¡enlarged¡¡thought£»¡¡the¡¡third¡¡that¡¡of¡¡consistent¡¡thought¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡is¡¡the¡¡maxim¡¡of¡¡a¡¡never¡­passive¡¡reason¡£¡¡To¡¡be¡¡given¡¡to¡¡such¡¡passivity£»¡¡consequently¡¡to¡¡heteronomy¡¡of¡¡reason£»¡¡is¡¡called¡¡prejudice£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡of¡¡all¡¡prejudices¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡fancying¡¡nature¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡rules¡¡which¡¡the¡¡understanding¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡essential¡¡laws¡¡lays¡¡at¡¡its¡¡basis£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡superstition¡£¡¡Emancipation¡¡from¡¡superstition¡¡is¡¡called¡¡enlightenment*£»¡¡for¡¡although¡¡this¡¡term¡¡applies¡¡also¡¡to¡¡emancipation¡¡from¡¡prejudices¡¡generally£»¡¡still¡¡superstition¡¡deserves¡¡pre¡­eminently¡¡£¨in¡¡sensu¡¡eminenti£©¡¡to¡¡be¡¡called¡¡a¡¡prejudice¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡blindness¡¡into¡¡which¡¡superstition¡¡puts¡¡one£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡demands¡¡from¡¡one¡¡as¡¡an¡¡obligation£»¡¡makes¡¡the¡¡need¡¡of¡¡being¡¡led¡¡by¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡the¡¡passive¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reason£»¡¡pre¡­eminently¡¡conspicuous¡£¡¡As¡¡to¡¡the¡¡second¡¡maxim¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡our¡¡habits¡¡of¡¡thought£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡quite¡¡got¡¡into¡¡the¡¡way¡¡of¡¡calling¡¡a¡¡man¡¡narrow¡¡£¨narrow£»¡¡as¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡being¡¡of¡¡enlarged¡¡mind£©¡¡whose¡¡talents¡¡fall¡¡short¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡required¡¡for¡¡employment¡¡upon¡¡work¡¡of¡¡any¡¡magnitude¡¡£¨especially¡¡that¡¡involving¡¡intensity£©¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡question¡¡here¡¡is¡¡not¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡cognition£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡making¡¡a¡¡final¡¡use¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡This£»¡¡however¡¡small¡¡the¡¡range¡¡and¡¡degree¡¡to¡¡which¡¡man's¡¡natural¡¡endowments¡¡extend£»¡¡still¡¡indicates¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡enlarged¡¡mind£º¡¡if¡¡he¡¡detaches¡¡himself¡¡from¡¡the¡¡subjective¡¡personal¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡his¡¡judgement£»¡¡which¡¡cramp¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡so¡¡many¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡reflects¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡own¡¡judgement¡¡from¡¡a¡¡universal¡¡standpoint¡¡£¨which¡¡he¡¡can¡¡only¡¡determine¡¡by¡¡shifting¡¡his¡¡ground¡¡to¡¡the¡¡standpoint¡¡of¡¡others£©¡£¡¡The¡¡third¡¡maxim¡­that£»¡¡namely£»¡¡of¡¡consistent¡¡thought¡­is¡¡the¡¡hardest¡¡of¡¡attainment£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡only¡¡attainable¡¡by¡¡the¡¡union¡¡of¡¡both¡¡the¡¡former£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡constant¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡them¡¡has¡¡made¡¡one¡¡at¡¡home¡¡in¡¡their¡¡observance¡£¡¡We¡¡may¡¡say£º¡¡The¡¡first¡¡of¡¡these¡¡is¡¡the¡¡maxim¡¡of¡¡understanding£»¡¡the¡¡second¡¡that¡¡of¡¡judgement£»¡¡the¡¡third¡¡of¡¡that¡¡reason¡£

¡¡¡¡*We¡¡readily¡¡see¡¡that¡¡enlightenment£»¡¡while¡¡easy£»¡¡no¡¡doubt£»¡¡in¡¡thesi£»¡¡in¡¡hypothesis¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡and¡¡slow¡¡of¡¡realization¡£¡¡For¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡passive¡¡with¡¡one's¡¡reason£»¡¡but¡¡always¡¡to¡¡be¡¡self¡­legislative£»¡¡is¡¡doubtless¡¡quite¡¡an¡¡easy¡¡matter¡¡for¡¡a¡¡man¡¡who¡¡only¡¡desires¡¡to¡¡be¡¡adapted¡¡to¡¡his¡¡essential¡¡end£»¡¡and¡¡does¡¡not¡¡seek¡¡to¡¡know¡¡what¡¡is¡¡beyond¡¡his¡¡understanding¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡the¡¡tendency¡¡in¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡direction¡¡is¡¡hardly¡¡avoidable£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡are¡¡always¡¡coming¡¡and¡¡promising¡¡with¡¡full¡¡assurance¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡able¡¡to¡¡satisfy¡¡one's¡¡curiosity£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡very¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡or¡¡restore¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡£¨and¡¡particularly¡¡in¡¡the¡¡public¡¡mind£©¡¡that¡¡merely¡¡negative¡¡attitude¡¡£¨which¡¡constitutes¡¡enlightenment¡¡proper£©¡£

¡¡¡¡I¡¡resume¡¡the¡¡thread¡¡of¡¡the¡¡discussion¡¡interrupted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡above¡¡digression£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡say¡¡that¡¡taste¡¡can¡¡with¡¡more¡¡justice¡¡be¡¡called¡¡a¡¡sensus¡¡communis¡¡than¡¡can¡¡sound¡¡understanding£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡aesthetic£»¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡the¡¡intellectual£»¡¡judgement¡¡can¡¡bear¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡a¡¡public¡¡sense£»*¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡taking¡¡it¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡use¡¡the¡¡word¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡an¡¡effect¡¡that¡¡mere¡¡reflection¡¡has¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡mind£»¡¡for¡¡then¡¡by¡¡sense¡¡we¡¡mean¡¡the¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡pleasure¡£¡¡We¡¡might¡¡even¡¡define¡¡taste¡¡as¡¡the¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡estimating¡¡what¡¡makes¡¡our¡¡feeling¡¡in¡¡a¡¡given¡¡representation¡¡universally¡¡communicable¡¡without¡¡the¡¡mediation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡concept¡£

¡¡¡¡*Taste¡¡may¡¡be¡¡designated¡¡a¡¡sensus¡¡communis¡¡aestheticus£»¡¡common¡¡human¡¡understanding¡¡a¡¡sensus¡¡communis¡¡logicus¡£

¡¡¡¡The¡¡aptitude¡¡of¡¡men¡¡for¡¡communicating¡¡their¡¡thoughts¡¡requires£»¡¡also£»¡¡a¡¡relation¡¡between¡¡the¡¡imagination¡¡and¡¡the¡¡understanding£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡connect¡¡intuitions¡¡with¡¡concepts£»¡¡and¡¡concepts£»¡¡in¡¡turn£»¡¡with¡¡intuitions£»¡¡which¡¡both¡¡unite¡¡in¡¡cognition¡£¡¡But¡¡there¡¡the¡¡agreement¡¡of¡¡both¡¡mental¡¡powers¡¡is¡¡according¡¡to¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡under¡¡the¡¡constraint¡¡of¡¡definite¡¡concepts¡£¡¡Only¡¡when¡¡the¡¡imagination¡¡in¡¡its¡¡freedom¡¡stirs¡¡the¡¡understanding£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡understanding¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡concepts¡¡puts¡¡the¡¡imagination¡¡into¡¡regular¡¡play£»¡¡does¡¡the¡¡representation¡¡communicate¡¡itself¡¡not¡¡as¡¡thought£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡an¡¡internal¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡a¡¡final¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Taste¡¡is£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡the¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡forming¡¡an¡¡a¡¡priori¡¡estimate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡communicability¡¡of¡¡the¡¡feeling¡¡that£»¡¡without¡¡the¡¡mediation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡concept£»¡¡are¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡a¡¡given¡¡representation¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Supposing£»¡¡now£»¡¡that¡¡we¡¡could¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡universal¡¡communicability¡¡of¡¡our¡¡feeling¡¡must¡¡of¡¡itself¡¡carry¡¡with¡¡it¡¡an¡¡interest¡¡for¡¡us¡¡£¨an¡¡assumption£»¡¡however£»¡¡which¡¡we¡¡are¡¡not¡¡entitled¡¡to¡¡draw¡¡as¡¡a¡¡conclusion¡¡from¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡a¡¡merely¡¡reflective¡¡judgement£©£»¡¡we¡¡should¡¡then¡¡be¡¡in¡¡a¡¡position¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡how¡¡the¡¡feeling¡¡in¡¡the¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡comes¡¡to¡¡be¡¡exacted¡¡from¡¡everyone¡¡as¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡duty¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SS¡¡41¡£¡¡The¡¡empirical¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡£

¡¡¡¡Abundant¡¡proof¡¡bas¡¡been¡¡given¡¡above¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡the¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡by¡¡which¡¡something¡¡is¡¡declared¡¡beautiful¡¡must¡¡have¡¡no¡¡interest¡¡as¡¡its¡¡determining¡¡ground¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡from¡¡this¡¡that£»¡¡after¡¡it¡¡has¡¡once¡¡been¡¡posited¡¡as¡¡a¡¡pure¡¡aesthetic¡¡judgement£»¡¡an¡¡interest¡¡cannot¡¡then¡¡enter¡¡into¡¡combination¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¡This¡¡combination£»¡¡however£»¡¡can¡¡never¡¡be¡¡anything¡¡but¡¡indirect¡£¡¡Taste¡¡must£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡first¡¡of¡¡all¡¡be¡¡represented¡¡in¡¡conjunction¡¡with¡¡something¡¡else£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡delight¡¡attending¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡reflection¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡object¡¡is¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡of¡¡having¡¡further¡¡conjoined¡¡with¡¡it¡¡a¡¡pleasure¡¡in¡¡the¡¡real¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡object¡¡£¨as¡¡that¡¡wherein¡¡all¡¡interest¡¡consists£©¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡saying£»¡¡a¡¡posse¡¡ad¡¡esse¡¡non¡¡valet¡¡consequentia£»*¡¡which¡¡is¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡cognitive¡¡judgements£»¡¡holds¡¡good¡¡here¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡aesthetic¡¡judgements¡£¡¡Now¡¡this¡¡¡¨something¡¡else¡¨¡¡may¡¡be¡¡something¡¡empirical£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡an¡¡inclination¡¡proper¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡human¡¡beings£»¡¡or¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡something¡¡intellectual£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡property¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will¡¡whereby¡¡it¡¡admits¡¡of¡¡rational¡¡determination¡¡a¡¡priori¡£¡¡Both¡¡of¡¡these¡¡involve¡¡a¡¡delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡object£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡can¡¡lay¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡for¡¡an¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡what¡¡has¡¡already¡¡pleased¡¡of¡¡itself¡¡and¡¡without¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡any¡¡interest¡¡whatsoever¡£

¡¡¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ