±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the critique of judgement >

µÚ18ÕÂ

the critique of judgement-µÚ18ÕÂ

С˵£º the critique of judgement ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



lay¡¡in¡¡the¡¡contemplation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡outward¡¡form¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡beauty¡¡of¡¡man¡¡£¨including¡¡under¡¡this¡¡head¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡man£»¡¡woman£»¡¡or¡¡child£©£»¡¡the¡¡beauty¡¡of¡¡a¡¡horse£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡a¡¡building¡¡£¨such¡¡as¡¡a¡¡church£»¡¡palace£»¡¡arsenal£»¡¡or¡¡summer¡­house£©£»¡¡presupposes¡¡a¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡the¡¡end¡¡that¡¡defines¡¡what¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡has¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡a¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡its¡¡perfection£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡merely¡¡appendant¡¡beauty¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡clog¡¡on¡¡the¡¡purity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡purity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡agreeable¡¡£¨of¡¡sensation£©¡¡joined¡¡with¡¡beauty¡¡to¡¡which¡¡properly¡¡only¡¡the¡¡form¡¡is¡¡relevant£»¡¡so¡¡to¡¡combine¡¡the¡¡good¡¡with¡¡beauty¡¡£¨the¡¡good£»¡¡namely£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡manifold¡¡to¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡itself¡¡according¡¡to¡¡its¡¡end£©¡¡mars¡¡its¡¡purity¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Much¡¡might¡¡be¡¡added¡¡to¡¡a¡¡building¡¡that¡¡would¡¡immediately¡¡please¡¡the¡¡eye£»¡¡were¡¡it¡¡not¡¡intended¡¡for¡¡a¡¡church¡£¡¡A¡¡figure¡¡might¡¡be¡¡beautified¡¡with¡¡all¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡flourishes¡¡and¡¡light¡¡but¡¡regular¡¡lines£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡done¡¡by¡¡the¡¡New¡¡Zealanders¡¡with¡¡their¡¡tattooing£»¡¡were¡¡we¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡anything¡¡but¡¡the¡¡figure¡¡of¡¡a¡¡human¡¡being¡£¡¡And¡¡here¡¡is¡¡one¡¡whose¡¡rugged¡¡features¡¡might¡¡be¡¡softened¡¡and¡¡given¡¡a¡¡more¡¡pleasing¡¡aspect£»¡¡only¡¡he¡¡has¡¡got¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡man£»¡¡or¡¡is£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡a¡¡warrior¡¡that¡¡has¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡warlike¡¡appearance¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Now¡¡the¡¡delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡manifold¡¡of¡¡a¡¡thing£»¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡internal¡¡end¡¡that¡¡determines¡¡its¡¡possibility£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡delight¡¡based¡¡on¡¡a¡¡concept£»¡¡whereas¡¡delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡¡is¡¡such¡¡as¡¡does¡¡not¡¡presuppose¡¡any¡¡concept£»¡¡but¡¡is¡¡immediately¡¡coupled¡¡with¡¡the¡¡representation¡¡through¡¡which¡¡the¡¡object¡¡is¡¡given¡¡£¨not¡¡through¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡thought£©¡£¡¡If£»¡¡now£»¡¡the¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡delight¡¡is¡¡made¡¡dependent¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡end¡¡involved¡¡in¡¡the¡¡former¡¡delight¡¡as¡¡a¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡reason£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡placed¡¡under¡¡a¡¡restriction£»¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡a¡¡free¡¡and¡¡pure¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Taste£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡stands¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡by¡¡this¡¡combination¡¡of¡¡intellectual¡¡delight¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aesthetic¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡becomes¡¡fixed£»¡¡and£»¡¡while¡¡not¡¡universal£»¡¡it¡¡enables¡¡rules¡¡to¡¡be¡¡prescribed¡¡for¡¡it¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡definite¡¡final¡¡objects¡£¡¡But¡¡these¡¡rules¡¡are¡¡then¡¡not¡¡rules¡¡of¡¡taste£»¡¡but¡¡merely¡¡rules¡¡for¡¡establishing¡¡a¡¡union¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡with¡¡reason£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡¡with¡¡the¡¡good¡­rules¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡former¡¡becomes¡¡available¡¡as¡¡an¡¡intentional¡¡instrument¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡bringing¡¡that¡¡temper¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡which¡¡is¡¡self¡­sustaining¡¡and¡¡of¡¡subjective¡¡universal¡¡validity¡¡to¡¡the¡¡support¡¡and¡¡maintenance¡¡of¡¡that¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡thought¡¡which£»¡¡while¡¡possessing¡¡objective¡¡universal¡¡validity£»¡¡can¡¡only¡¡be¡¡preserved¡¡by¡¡a¡¡resolute¡¡effort¡£¡¡But£»¡¡strictly¡¡speaking£»¡¡perfection¡¡neither¡¡gains¡¡by¡¡beauty£»¡¡nor¡¡beauty¡¡by¡¡perfection¡£¡¡The¡¡truth¡¡is¡¡rather¡¡this£»¡¡when¡¡we¡¡compare¡¡the¡¡representation¡¡through¡¡which¡¡an¡¡object¡¡is¡¡given¡¡to¡¡us¡¡with¡¡the¡¡object¡¡£¨in¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡what¡¡it¡¡is¡¡meant¡¡to¡¡be£©¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡a¡¡concept£»¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡help¡¡reviewing¡¡it¡¡also¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sensation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡subject¡£¡¡Hence¡¡there¡¡results¡¡a¡¡gain¡¡to¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡our¡¡representative¡¡power¡¡when¡¡harmony¡¡prevails¡¡between¡¡both¡¡states¡¡of¡¡mind¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡an¡¡object¡¡with¡¡a¡¡definite¡¡internal¡¡end£»¡¡a¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡would¡¡only¡¡be¡¡pure¡¡where¡¡the¡¡person¡¡judging¡¡either¡¡has¡¡no¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡this¡¡end£»¡¡or¡¡else¡¡makes¡¡abstraction¡¡from¡¡it¡¡in¡¡his¡¡judgement¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡cases¡¡like¡¡this£»¡¡although¡¡such¡¡a¡¡person¡¡should¡¡lay¡¡down¡¡a¡¡correct¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste£»¡¡since¡¡he¡¡would¡¡be¡¡estimating¡¡the¡¡object¡¡as¡¡a¡¡free¡¡beauty£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡still¡¡be¡¡found¡¡fault¡¡with¡¡by¡¡another¡¡who¡¡saw¡¡nothing¡¡in¡¡its¡¡beauty¡¡but¡¡a¡¡dependent¡¡quality¡¡£¨i¡£e¡££»¡¡who¡¡looked¡¡to¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡object£©¡¡and¡¡would¡¡be¡¡accused¡¡by¡¡him¡¡of¡¡false¡¡taste£»¡¡though¡¡both¡¡would£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡way£»¡¡be¡¡judging¡¡correctly£º¡¡the¡¡one¡¡according¡¡to¡¡what¡¡he¡¡had¡¡present¡¡to¡¡his¡¡senses£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡according¡¡to¡¡what¡¡was¡¡present¡¡in¡¡his¡¡thoughts¡£¡¡This¡¡distinction¡¡enables¡¡us¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡many¡¡disputes¡¡about¡¡beauty¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡critics£»¡¡for¡¡we¡¡may¡¡show¡¡them¡¡how¡¡one¡¡side¡¡is¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡free¡¡beauty£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡with¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡dependent£º¡¡the¡¡former¡¡passing¡¡a¡¡pure¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡one¡¡that¡¡is¡¡applied¡¡intentionally¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SS¡¡17¡£¡¡Ideal¡¡of¡¡beauty¡£

¡¡¡¡There¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡objective¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡by¡¡which¡¡what¡¡is¡¡beautiful¡¡may¡¡be¡¡defined¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡concepts¡£¡¡For¡¡every¡¡judgement¡¡from¡¡that¡¡source¡¡is¡¡aesthetic£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡its¡¡determining¡¡ground¡¡is¡¡the¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subject£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡any¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡an¡¡object¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡only¡¡throwing¡¡away¡¡labour¡¡to¡¡look¡¡for¡¡a¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡that¡¡affords¡¡a¡¡universal¡¡criterion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡¡by¡¡definite¡¡concepts£»¡¡because¡¡what¡¡is¡¡sought¡¡is¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡impossible¡¡and¡¡inherently¡¡contradictory¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡communicability¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sensation¡¡£¨of¡¡delight¡¡or¡¡aversion£©¡­a¡¡communicability£»¡¡too£»¡¡that¡¡exists¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡any¡¡concept¡­in¡¡the¡¡accord£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡possible£»¡¡of¡¡all¡¡ages¡¡and¡¡nations¡¡as¡¡to¡¡this¡¡feeling¡¡in¡¡the¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡objects£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡the¡¡empirical¡¡criterion£»¡¡weak¡¡indeed¡¡and¡¡scarce¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡a¡¡presumption£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡derivation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡taste£»¡¡thus¡¡confirmed¡¡by¡¡examples£»¡¡from¡¡grounds¡¡deep¡¡seated¡¡and¡¡shared¡¡alike¡¡by¡¡all¡¡men£»¡¡underlying¡¡their¡¡agreement¡¡in¡¡estimating¡¡the¡¡forms¡¡under¡¡which¡¡objects¡¡are¡¡given¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡this¡¡reason¡¡some¡¡products¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡are¡¡looked¡¡on¡¡as¡¡exemplary¡­not¡¡meaning¡¡thereby¡¡that¡¡by¡¡imitating¡¡others¡¡taste¡¡may¡¡be¡¡acquired¡£¡¡For¡¡taste¡¡must¡¡be¡¡an¡¡original¡¡faculty£»¡¡whereas¡¡one¡¡who¡¡imitates¡¡a¡¡model£»¡¡while¡¡showing¡¡skill¡¡commensurate¡¡with¡¡his¡¡success£»¡¡only¡¡displays¡¡taste¡¡as¡¡himself¡¡a¡¡critic¡¡of¡¡this¡¡model¡£*¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡follows¡¡that¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡model£»¡¡the¡¡archetype¡¡of¡¡taste£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡idea£»¡¡which¡¡each¡¡person¡¡must¡¡beget¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡consciousness£»¡¡and¡¡according¡¡to¡¡which¡¡he¡¡must¡¡form¡¡his¡¡estimate¡¡of¡¡everything¡¡that¡¡is¡¡an¡¡object¡¡of¡¡taste£»¡¡or¡¡that¡¡is¡¡an¡¡example¡¡of¡¡critical¡¡taste£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡of¡¡universal¡¡taste¡¡itself¡£¡¡Properly¡¡speaking£»¡¡an¡¡idea¡¡signifies¡¡a¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡reason£»¡¡and¡¡an¡¡ideal¡¡the¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡existence¡¡as¡¡adequate¡¡to¡¡an¡¡idea¡£¡¡Hence¡¡this¡¡archetype¡¡of¡¡taste¡­which¡¡rests£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡upon¡¡reason's¡¡indeterminate¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡a¡¡maximum£»¡¡but¡¡is¡¡not£»¡¡however£»¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡being¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡concepts£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡in¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡presentation¡­may¡¡more¡¡appropriately¡¡be¡¡called¡¡the¡¡ideal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡£¡¡While¡¡not¡¡having¡¡this¡¡ideal¡¡in¡¡our¡¡possession£»¡¡we¡¡still¡¡strive¡¡to¡¡beget¡¡it¡¡within¡¡us¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡be¡¡merely¡¡an¡¡ideal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡imagination£»¡¡seeing¡¡that¡¡it¡¡rests£»¡¡not¡¡upon¡¡concepts£»¡¡but¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡presentation¡­the¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡presentation¡¡being¡¡the¡¡imagination¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡how¡¡do¡¡we¡¡arrive¡¡at¡¡such¡¡an¡¡ideal¡¡of¡¡beauty£¿¡¡Is¡¡it¡¡a¡¡priori¡¡or¡¡empirically£¿¡¡Further£»¡¡what¡¡species¡¡of¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡¡admits¡¡of¡¡an¡¡ideal£¿

¡¡¡¡*Models¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡with¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡the¡¡arts¡¡of¡¡speech¡¡must¡¡be¡¡composed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡and¡¡learned¡¡language£»¡¡the¡¡first£»¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡their¡¡having¡¡to¡¡suffer¡¡the¡¡changes¡¡that¡¡inevitably¡¡overtake¡¡living¡¡ones£»¡¡making¡¡dignified¡¡expressions¡¡become¡¡degraded£»¡¡common¡¡ones¡¡antiquated£»¡¡and¡¡ones¡¡newly¡¡coined¡¡after¡¡a¡¡short¡¡currency¡¡obsolete£º¡¡the¡¡second¡¡to¡¡ensure¡¡its¡¡having¡¡a¡¡grammar¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡the¡¡caprices¡¡of¡¡fashion£»¡¡but¡¡has¡¡fixed¡¡rules¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡£

¡¡¡¡First¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡we¡¡do¡¡well¡¡to¡¡observe¡¡that¡¡the¡¡beauty¡¡for¡¡which¡¡an¡¡ideal¡¡has¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sought¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡a¡¡beauty¡¡that¡¡is¡¡free¡¡and¡¡at¡¡large£»¡¡but¡¡must¡¡be¡¡one¡¡fixed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡objective¡¡finality¡£¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡cannot¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡an¡¡altogether¡¡pure¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste£»¡¡but¡¡must¡¡attach¡¡to¡¡one¡¡that¡¡is¡¡partly¡¡intellectual¡£¡¡In¡¡other¡¡words£»¡¡where¡¡an¡¡ideal¡¡is¡¡to¡¡have¡¡place¡¡among¡¡the¡¡grounds¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡any¡¡estimate¡¡is¡¡formed£»¡¡then¡¡beneath¡¡grounds¡¡of¡¡that¡¡kind¡¡there¡¡must¡¡lie¡¡some¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡reason¡¡according¡¡to¡¡determinate¡¡concepts£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡end¡¡underlying¡¡the¡¡internal¡¡possibility¡¡of¡¡the¡¡object¡¡is¡¡determined¡¡a¡¡priori¡£¡¡An¡¡ideal¡¡of¡¡beautiful¡¡flowers£»¡¡of¡¡a¡¡beautiful¡¡suite¡¡of¡¡furniture£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡a¡¡beautiful¡¡view£»¡¡is¡¡unthinkable¡£¡¡But£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡also¡¡be¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡represent¡¡an¡¡ideal¡¡of¡¡a¡¡beauty¡¡dependent¡¡on¡¡definite¡¡ends£»¡¡e¡£g¡££»¡¡a¡¡beautiful¡¡residence£»¡¡a¡¡beautiful¡¡tree£»¡¡a¡¡beautiful¡¡garden£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡presumably¡¡because¡¡their¡¡ends¡¡are¡¡not¡¡sufficiently¡¡defined¡¡and¡¡fixed¡¡by¡¡their¡¡concept£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡result¡¡that¡¡their¡¡finality¡¡is¡¡nearly¡¡as¡¡free¡¡as¡¡with¡¡beauty¡¡that¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡at¡¡large¡£¡¡Only¡¡what¡¡has¡¡in¡¡itself¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡its¡¡real¡¡existence¡­only¡¡man¡¡that¡¡is¡¡able¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡his¡¡ends¡¡by¡¡reason£»¡¡or£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡has¡¡to¡¡derive¡¡them¡¡from¡¡external¡¡perception£»¡¡can¡¡still¡¡compare¡¡them¡¡with¡¡essential¡¡and¡¡universal¡¡ends£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡further¡¡pronounce¡¡ae

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ