±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the critique of judgement >

µÚ11ÕÂ

the critique of judgement-µÚ11ÕÂ

С˵£º the critique of judgement ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



re¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste¡£¡¡One¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡least¡¡prepossessed¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡real¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thing£»¡¡but¡¡must¡¡preserve¡¡complete¡¡indifference¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡play¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡judge¡¡in¡¡matters¡¡of¡¡taste¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡proposition£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡of¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡importance£»¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡better¡¡explained¡¡than¡¡by¡¡contrasting¡¡the¡¡pure¡¡disinterested*¡¡delight¡¡which¡¡appears¡¡in¡¡the¡¡judgement¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡with¡¡that¡¡allied¡¡to¡¡an¡¡interest¡­especially¡¡if¡¡we¡¡can¡¡also¡¡assure¡¡ourselves¡¡that¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡other¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡interest¡¡beyond¡¡those¡¡presently¡¡to¡¡be¡¡mentioned¡£

¡¡¡¡*A¡¡judgement¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡object¡¡of¡¡our¡¡delight¡¡may¡¡be¡¡wholly¡¡disinterested¡¡but¡¡withal¡¡very¡¡interesting£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡it¡¡relies¡¡on¡¡no¡¡interest£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡produces¡¡one¡£¡¡Of¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡are¡¡all¡¡pure¡¡moral¡¡judgements¡£¡¡But£»¡¡of¡¡themselves¡¡judgements¡¡of¡¡taste¡¡do¡¡not¡¡even¡¡set¡¡up¡¡any¡¡interest¡¡whatsoever¡£¡¡Only¡¡in¡¡society¡¡is¡¡it¡¡interesting¡¡to¡¡have¡¡taste¡­a¡¡point¡¡which¡¡will¡¡be¡¡explained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sequel¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SS¡¡3¡£¡¡Delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡agreeable¡¡is¡¡coupled¡¡with¡¡interest¡£

¡¡¡¡That¡¡is¡¡agreeable¡¡which¡¡the¡¡senses¡¡find¡¡pleasing¡¡in¡¡sensation¡£¡¡This¡¡at¡¡once¡¡affords¡¡a¡¡convenient¡¡opportunity¡¡for¡¡condemning¡¡and¡¡directing¡¡particular¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡a¡¡prevalent¡¡confusion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡double¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡word¡¡sensation¡¡is¡¡capable¡£¡¡All¡¡delight¡¡£¨as¡¡is¡¡said¡¡or¡¡thought£©¡¡is¡¡itself¡¡sensation¡¡£¨of¡¡a¡¡pleasure£©¡£¡¡Consequently¡¡everything¡¡that¡¡pleases£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡very¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡it¡¡pleases£»¡¡is¡¡agreeable¡­and¡¡according¡¡to¡¡its¡¡different¡¡degrees£»¡¡or¡¡its¡¡relations¡¡to¡¡other¡¡agreeable¡¡sensations£»¡¡is¡¡attractive£»¡¡charming£»¡¡delicious£»¡¡enjoyable£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡But¡¡if¡¡this¡¡is¡¡conceded£»¡¡then¡¡impressions¡¡of¡¡sense£»¡¡which¡¡determine¡¡inclination£»¡¡or¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡reason£»¡¡which¡¡determine¡¡the¡¡will£»¡¡or¡¡mere¡¡contemplated¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡intuition£»¡¡which¡¡determine¡¡judgement£»¡¡are¡¡all¡¡on¡¡a¡¡par¡¡in¡¡everything¡¡relevant¡¡to¡¡their¡¡effect¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡pleasure£»¡¡for¡¡this¡¡would¡¡be¡¡agreeableness¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sensation¡¡of¡¡one's¡¡state£»¡¡and¡¡since£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡resort£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡elaborate¡¡work¡¡of¡¡our¡¡faculties¡¡must¡¡issue¡¡in¡¡and¡¡unite¡¡in¡¡the¡¡practical¡¡as¡¡its¡¡goal£»¡¡we¡¡could¡¡credit¡¡our¡¡faculties¡¡with¡¡no¡¡other¡¡appreciation¡¡of¡¡things¡¡and¡¡the¡¡worth¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¡than¡¡that¡¡consisting¡¡in¡¡the¡¡gratification¡¡which¡¡they¡¡promise¡£¡¡How¡¡this¡¡is¡¡attained¡¡is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡end¡¡immaterial£»¡¡and£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡choice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡means¡¡is¡¡here¡¡the¡¡only¡¡thing¡¡that¡¡can¡¡make¡¡a¡¡difference£»¡¡men¡¡might¡¡indeed¡¡blame¡¡one¡¡another¡¡for¡¡folly¡¡or¡¡imprudence£»¡¡but¡¡never¡¡for¡¡baseness¡¡or¡¡wickedness£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡are¡¡all£»¡¡each¡¡according¡¡to¡¡his¡¡own¡¡way¡¡of¡¡looking¡¡at¡¡things£»¡¡pursuing¡¡one¡¡goal£»¡¡which¡¡for¡¡each¡¡is¡¡the¡¡gratification¡¡in¡¡question¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡a¡¡modification¡¡of¡¡the¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡pleasure¡¡or¡¡displeasure¡¡is¡¡termed¡¡sensation£»¡¡this¡¡expression¡¡is¡¡given¡¡quite¡¡a¡¡different¡¡meaning¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡it¡¡bears¡¡when¡¡I¡¡call¡¡the¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡£¨through¡¡sense¡¡as¡¡a¡¡receptivity¡¡pertaining¡¡to¡¡the¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡knowledge£©¡¡sensation¡£¡¡For¡¡in¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡case¡¡the¡¡representation¡¡is¡¡referred¡¡to¡¡the¡¡object£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡former¡¡it¡¡is¡¡referred¡¡solely¡¡to¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡and¡¡is¡¡not¡¡available¡¡for¡¡any¡¡cognition£»¡¡not¡¡even¡¡for¡¡that¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡cognizes¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Now¡¡in¡¡the¡¡above¡¡definition¡¡the¡¡word¡¡sensation¡¡is¡¡used¡¡to¡¡denote¡¡an¡¡objective¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡sense£»¡¡and£»¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡continually¡¡running¡¡the¡¡risk¡¡of¡¡misinterpretation£»¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡call¡¡that¡¡which¡¡must¡¡always¡¡remain¡¡purely¡¡subjective£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡absolutely¡¡incapable¡¡of¡¡forming¡¡a¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡an¡¡object£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡familiar¡¡name¡¡of¡¡feeling¡£¡¡The¡¡green¡¡colour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡meadows¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡objective¡¡sensation£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡perception¡¡of¡¡an¡¡object¡¡of¡¡sense£»¡¡but¡¡its¡¡agreeableness¡¡to¡¡subjective¡¡sensation£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡no¡¡object¡¡is¡¡represented£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡to¡¡feeling£»¡¡through¡¡which¡¡the¡¡object¡¡is¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡an¡¡object¡¡of¡¡delight¡¡£¨which¡¡involves¡¡no¡¡cognition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡object£©¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡judgement¡¡on¡¡an¡¡object¡¡by¡¡which¡¡its¡¡agreeableness¡¡is¡¡affirmed£»¡¡expresses¡¡an¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡is¡¡evident¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡through¡¡sensation¡¡it¡¡provokes¡¡a¡¡desire¡¡for¡¡similar¡¡objects£»¡¡consequently¡¡the¡¡delight¡¡presupposes£»¡¡not¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡judgement¡¡about¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡bearing¡¡its¡¡real¡¡existence¡¡has¡¡upon¡¡my¡¡state¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡such¡¡an¡¡object¡£¡¡Hence¡¡we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡say¡¡of¡¡the¡¡agreeable¡¡that¡¡it¡¡pleases£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡it¡¡gratifies¡£¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡accord¡¡it¡¡a¡¡simple¡¡approval£»¡¡but¡¡inclination¡¡is¡¡aroused¡¡by¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡agreeableness¡¡is¡¡of¡¡the¡¡liveliest¡¡type¡¡a¡¡judgement¡¡on¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡object¡¡is¡¡so¡¡entirely¡¡out¡¡of¡¡place¡¡that¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡always¡¡intent¡¡only¡¡on¡¡enjoyment¡¡£¨for¡¡that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡word¡¡used¡¡to¡¡denote¡¡intensity¡¡of¡¡gratification£©¡¡would¡¡fain¡¡dispense¡¡with¡¡all¡¡judgement¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SS¡¡4¡£¡¡Delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡good¡¡is¡¡coupled¡¡with¡¡interest¡£

¡¡¡¡That¡¡is¡¡good¡¡which¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡reason¡¡commends¡¡itself¡¡by¡¡its¡¡mere¡¡concept¡£¡¡We¡¡call¡¡that¡¡good¡¡for¡¡something¡¡which¡¡only¡¡pleases¡¡as¡¡a¡¡means£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡which¡¡pleases¡¡on¡¡its¡¡own¡¡account¡¡we¡¡call¡¡good¡¡in¡¡itself¡£¡¡In¡¡both¡¡cases¡¡the¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡an¡¡end¡¡is¡¡implied£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡of¡¡reason¡¡to¡¡£¨at¡¡least¡¡possible£©¡¡willing£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡a¡¡delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡an¡¡object¡¡or¡¡action£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡some¡¡interest¡¡or¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡deem¡¡something¡¡good£»¡¡I¡¡must¡¡always¡¡know¡¡what¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡the¡¡object¡¡is¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡i¡£¡¡e¡££»¡¡I¡¡must¡¡have¡¡a¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡That¡¡is¡¡not¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡enable¡¡me¡¡to¡¡see¡¡beauty¡¡in¡¡a¡¡thing¡£¡¡Flowers£»¡¡free¡¡patterns£»¡¡lines¡¡aimlessly¡¡intertwining¡­technically¡¡termed¡¡foliage¡­have¡¡no¡¡signification£»¡¡depend¡¡upon¡¡no¡¡definite¡¡concept£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡please¡£¡¡Delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡¡must¡¡depend¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡reflection¡¡on¡¡an¡¡object¡¡precursory¡¡to¡¡some¡¡£¨not¡¡definitely¡¡determined£©¡¡concept¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡also¡¡differentiated¡¡from¡¡the¡¡agreeable£»¡¡which¡¡rests¡¡entirely¡¡upon¡¡sensation¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡many¡¡cases£»¡¡no¡¡doubt£»¡¡the¡¡agreeable¡¡and¡¡the¡¡good¡¡seem¡¡convertible¡¡terms¡£¡¡Thus¡¡it¡¡is¡¡commonly¡¡said¡¡that¡¡all¡¡£¨especially¡¡lasting£©¡¡gratification¡¡is¡¡of¡¡itself¡¡good£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡equivalent¡¡to¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡to¡¡be¡¡permanently¡¡agreeable¡¡and¡¡to¡¡be¡¡good¡¡are¡¡identical¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡readily¡¡apparent¡¡that¡¡this¡¡is¡¡merely¡¡a¡¡vicious¡¡confusion¡¡of¡¡words£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡concepts¡¡appropriate¡¡to¡¡these¡¡expressions¡¡are¡¡far¡¡from¡¡interchangeable¡£¡¡The¡¡agreeable£»¡¡which£»¡¡as¡¡such£»¡¡represents¡¡the¡¡object¡¡solely¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡sense£»¡¡must¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡instance¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡under¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡reason¡¡through¡¡the¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡an¡¡end£»¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡as¡¡an¡¡object¡¡of¡¡will£»¡¡called¡¡good¡£¡¡But¡¡that¡¡the¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡delight¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡different¡¡where¡¡what¡¡gratifies¡¡is¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡called¡¡good£»¡¡is¡¡evident¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡with¡¡the¡¡good¡¡the¡¡question¡¡always¡¡is¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡is¡¡mediately¡¡or¡¡immediately¡¡good£»¡¡i¡£¡¡e¡££»¡¡useful¡¡or¡¡good¡¡in¡¡itself£»¡¡whereas¡¡with¡¡the¡¡agreeable¡¡this¡¡point¡¡can¡¡never¡¡arise£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡word¡¡always¡¡means¡¡what¡¡pleases¡¡immediately¡­and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡just¡¡the¡¡same¡¡with¡¡what¡¡I¡¡call¡¡beautiful¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Even¡¡in¡¡everyday¡¡parlance£»¡¡a¡¡distinction¡¡is¡¡drawn¡¡between¡¡the¡¡agreeable¡¡and¡¡the¡¡good¡£¡¡We¡¡do¡¡not¡¡scruple¡¡to¡¡say¡¡of¡¡a¡¡dish¡¡that¡¡stimulates¡¡the¡¡palate¡¡with¡¡spices¡¡and¡¡other¡¡condiments¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡agreeable¡¡owning¡¡all¡¡the¡¡while¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡good£º¡¡because£»¡¡while¡¡it¡¡immediately¡¡satisfies¡¡the¡¡senses£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡mediately¡¡displeasing£»¡¡i¡£¡¡e¡££»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eye¡¡of¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡looks¡¡ahead¡¡to¡¡the¡¡consequences¡£¡¡Even¡¡in¡¡our¡¡estimate¡¡of¡¡health£»¡¡this¡¡same¡¡distinction¡¡may¡¡be¡¡traced¡£¡¡To¡¡all¡¡that¡¡possess¡¡it£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡immediately¡¡agreeable¡­at¡¡least¡¡negatively£»¡¡i¡£¡¡e¡££»¡¡as¡¡remoteness¡¡of¡¡all¡¡bodily¡¡pains¡£¡¡But£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡are¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡good£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡further¡¡apply¡¡to¡¡reason¡¡to¡¡direct¡¡it¡¡to¡¡ends£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡regard¡¡it¡¡as¡¡a¡¡state¡¡that¡¡puts¡¡us¡¡in¡¡a¡¡congenial¡¡mood¡¡for¡¡all¡¡we¡¡have¡¡to¡¡do¡£¡¡Finally£»¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡happiness¡¡every¡¡one¡¡believes¡¡that¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡aggregate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pleasures¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡taking¡¡duration¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡number¡¡into¡¡account£»¡¡merits¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡a¡¡true£»¡¡nay¡¡even¡¡of¡¡the¡¡highest£»¡¡good¡£¡¡But¡¡reason¡¡sets¡¡its¡¡face¡¡against¡¡this¡¡too¡£¡¡Agreeableness¡¡is¡¡enjoyment¡£¡¡But¡¡if¡¡this¡¡is¡¡all¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡bent¡¡on£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡foolish¡¡to¡¡be¡¡scrupulous¡¡about¡¡the¡¡means¡¡that¡¡procure¡¡it¡¡for¡¡us¡­whether¡¡it¡¡be¡¡obtained¡¡passively¡¡by¡¡the¡¡bounty¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡or¡¡actively¡¡and¡¡by¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡our¡¡own¡¡hands¡£¡¡But¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡any¡¡intrinsic¡¡worth¡¡in¡¡the¡¡real¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡man¡¡who¡¡merely¡¡lives¡¡for¡¡enjoyment£»¡¡however¡¡busy¡¡he¡¡may¡¡be¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect£»¡¡even¡¡when¡¡in¡¡so¡¡doing¡¡he¡¡serves¡¡others¡­all¡¡equally¡¡with¡¡himself¡¡intent¡¡only¡¡on¡¡enjoyment¡­as¡¡an¡¡excellent¡¡means¡¡to¡¡that¡¡one¡¡end£»¡¡and¡¡does¡¡so£»¡¡moreover£»¡¡because¡¡through¡¡sympathy¡¡he¡¡shares¡¡all¡¡their¡¡gratifications¡­this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡view¡¡to¡¡which¡¡reason¡¡will¡¡never¡¡let¡¡itself¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡round¡£¡¡Only¡¡by¡¡what¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ