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第7章

a theologico-political treatise [part iv]-第7章

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to retain it or to give it up; and transfer it to another。 (44) Being; then;



in the state of nature; they followed the advice of Moses; in whom they



chiefly trusted; and decided to transfer their right to no human being; but



only to God; without further delay they all; with one voice; promised to



obey all the commands of the Deity; and to acknowledge no right that He did



not proclaim as such by prophetic revelation。 (45) This promise; or



transference of right to God; was effected in the same manner as we have



conceived it to have been in ordinary societies; when men agree to divest



themselves of their natural rights。 (46) It is; in fact; in virtue of a set



covenant; and an oath (see Exod。 xxxiv:10); that the Jews freely; and not



under compulsion or threats; surrendered their rights and transferred them



to God。 (47) Moreover; in order that this covenant might be ratified



and settled; and might be free from all suspicion of deceit; God did not



enter into it till the Jews had had experience of His wonderful power by



which alone they had been; or could be; preserved in a state of prosperity



(Exod。 xix:4; 5)。 (48) It is because they believed that nothing but



God's power could preserve them that they surrendered to God the natural



power of self…preservation; which they formerly; perhaps; thought they



possessed; and consequently they surrendered at the same time all their



natural right。







'17:4' (49) God alone; therefore; held dominion over the Hebrews; whose



state was in virtue of the covenant called God's kingdom; and God was said



to be their king; consequently the enemies of the Jews were said to be the



enemies of God; and the citizens who tried to seize the dominion were guilty



of treason against God; and; lastly; the laws of the state were called the



laws and commandments of God。 (50) Thus in the Hebrew state the civil and



religious authority; each consisting solely of obedience to God; were one



and the same。 (51) The dogmas of religion were not precepts; but laws and



ordinances; piety was regarded as the same as loyalty; impiety as the same



as disaffection。 (52) Everyone who fell away from religion ceased to be a



citizen; and was; on that ground alone; accounted an enemy: those who



died for the sake of religion; were held to have died for their country;



in fact; between civil and religious law and right there was no distinction



whatever。 {in Biblical Hebrew; there was no word for what we call Religion。〃



Modern Hebrew has selected a word whose root is 〃knowledge。〃} (53) For this



reason the government could be called a Theocracy; inasmuch as the citizens



were not bound by anything save the revelations of God。







(17:54) However; this state of things existed rather in theory than in



practice; for it will appear from what we are about to say; that the



Hebrews; as a matter of fact; retained absolutely in their own hands the



right of sovereignty: this is shown by the method and plan by which the



government was carried on; as I will now explain。







(17:55) Inasmuch as the Hebrews did not transfer their rights to any other



person but; as in a democracy; all surrendered their rights equally; and



cried out with one voice; 〃Whatsoever God shall speak (no mediator or



mouthpiece being named) that will we do;〃 it follows that all were equally



bound by the covenant; and that all had an equal right to consult the Deity;



to accept and to interpret His laws; so that all had an exactly equal share



in the government。 '17:5' (56) Thus at first they all approached God



together; so that they might learn His commands; but in this first



salutation; they were so thoroughly terrified and so astounded to hear God



speaking; that they thought their last hour was at hand: full of fear;



therefore; they went afresh to Moses; and said; 〃Lo; we have heard God



speaking in the fire; and there is no cause why we should wish to die:



surely this great fire will consume us: if we hear again the voice of God;



we shall surely die。 (57) Thou; therefore; go near; and hear all the words



of our God; and thou (not God) shalt speak with us: all that God shall tell



us; that will we hearken to and perform。〃







(17:58) They thus clearly abrogated their former covenant; and absolutely



transferred to Moses their right to consult God and interpret His commands:



for they do not here promise obedience to all that God shall tell them; but



to all that God shall tell Moses (see Deut。 v:20 after the Decalogue; and



chap。 xviii:15; 16)。 (59) Moses; therefore; remained the sole promulgator



and interpreter of the Divine laws; and consequently also the sovereign



judge; who could not be arraigned himself; and who acted among the Hebrews



the part; of God; in other words; held the sovereign kingship: he alone



had the right to consult God; to give the Divine answers to the



people; and to see that they were carried out。 (60) I say he alone; for if



anyone during the life of Moses was desirous of preaching anything in the



name of the Lord; he was; even if a true prophet; considered guilty and a



usurper of the sovereign right (Numb。 xi:28) 'Endnote 30'。 (61) We may here



notice; that though the people had elected Moses; they could not rightfully



elect Moses's successor; for having transferred to Moses their right of



consulting God; and absolutely promised to regard him as a Divine oracle;



they had plainly forfeited the whole of their right; and were bound to



accept as chosen by God anyone proclaimed by Moses as his successor。 (62) If



Moses had so chosen his successor; who like him should wield the sole right



of government; possessing the sole right of consulting God; and consequently



of making and abrogating laws; of deciding on peace or war; of sending



ambassadors; appointing judges … in fact; discharging all the functions of a



sovereign; the state would have become simply a monarchy; only differing



from other monarchies in the fact; that the latter are; or should be;



carried on in accordance with God's decree; unknown even to the monarch;



whereas the Hebrew monarch would have been the only person to whom the



decree was revealed。 (63) A difference which increases; rather than



diminishes the monarch's authority。 (64) As far as the people in both cases



are concerned; each would be equally subject; and equally ignorant of



the Divine decree; for each would be dependent on the monarch's words; and



would learn from him alone; what was lawful or unlawful: nor would the fact



that the people believed that the monarch was only issuing commands in



accordance with God's decree revealed to him; make it less in subjection;



but rather more。 '17:6' (65) However; Moses elected no such successor; but



left the dominion to those who came after him in a condition which could not



be called a popular government; nor an aristocracy; nor a monarchy; but a



Theocracy。 (66) For the right of interpreting laws was vested in one man;



while the right and power of administering the state according to the



laws thus interpreted; was vested in another man (see Numb。 xxvii:21)



'Endnote 31'。







(17:67) In order that the question may be thoroughly understood; I will duly



set forth the administration of the whole state。







(68) First; the people were commanded to build a tabernacle; which should



be; as it were; the dwelling of God … that is; of the sovereign authority of



the state。 (69) This tabernacle was to be erected at the cost of the whole



people; not of one man; in order that the place where God was consulted



might be public property。 (70) The Levites were chosen as courtiers and



administrators of this royal abode; while Aaron; the brother of Moses; was



chosen to be their chief and second; as it were; to God their King; being



succeeded in the office by his legitimate sons。







(17:71) He; as

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