a theologico-political treatise [part iv]-第11章
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felt bound to obey; without consulting their reason; all the commands given
by the answers of God received in the Temple; and all the laws which God
had ordained。
(17:157) I think I have now explained clearly; though briefly;; the main
features of the Hebrew commonwealth。 (158) I must now inquire into the
causes which led the people so often to fall away from the law; which
brought about their frequent subjection; and; finally; the complete
destruction of their dominion。 (159) Perhaps I shall be told that it sprang
from their hardness of heart; but this is childish; for why should this
people be more hard of heart than others; was it by nature?
'17:A' (160) But nature forms individuals; not peoples; the latter are
only distinguishable by the difference of their language; their customs; and
their laws; while from the two last … i。e。; customs and laws; … it may arise
that they have a peculiar disposition; a peculiar manner of life; and
peculiar prejudices。 (161) If; then; the Hebrews were harder of heart than
other nations; the fault lay with their laws or customs。
(17:162) This is certainly true; in the sense that; if God had wished their
dominion to be more lasting; He would have given them other rites and laws;
and would have instituted a different form of government。 (163) We can;
therefore; only say that their God was angry with them; not only; as
Jeremiah says; from the building of the city; but even from the founding of
their laws。
(17:164) This is borne witness to by Ezekiel xx:25: 〃Wherefore I gave them
also statutes that were not good; and judgments whereby they should not
live; and I polluted them in their own gifts; in that they caused to pass
through the fire all that openeth the womb; that I might make them desolate;
to the end that they might know that I am the Lord。〃
(17:165) In order that we may understand these words; and the destruction of
the Hebrew commonwealth; we must bear in mind that it had at first been
intended to entrust the whole duties of the priesthood to the firstborn; and
not to the Levites (see Numb。 viii:17)。 (166) It was only when all the
tribes; except the Levites; worshipped the golden calf; that the
firstborn were rejected and defiled; and the Levites chosen in their stead
(Deut。 x:8)。 (167) When I reflect on this change; I feel disposed to break
forth with the words of Tacitus。 (168) God's object at that time was not the
safety of the Jews; but vengeance。 (169) I am greatly astonished that the
celestial mind was so inflamed with anger that it ordained laws; which
always are supposed to promote the honour; well…being; and security of a
people; with the purpose of vengeance; for the sake of punishment; so that
the laws do not seem so much laws … that is; the safeguard of
the people … as pains and penalties。
(17:170) The gifts which the people were obliged to bestow on the Levites
and priests … the redemption of the firstborn; the poll…tax due to the
Levites; the privilege possessed by the latter of the sole performance of
sacred rites … all these; I say; were a continual reproach to the people; a
continual reminder of their defilement and rejection。 (171) Moreover; we may
be sure that the Levites were for ever heaping reproaches upon them: for
among so many thousands there must have been many importunate dabblers in
theology。 (172) Hence the people got into the way of watching the acts of
the Levites; who were but human; of accusing the whole body of the faults of
one member; and continually murmuring。
(17:173) Besides this; there was the obligation to keep in idleness men
hateful to them; and connected by no ties of blood。 (174) Especially would
this seem grievous when provisions were dear。 What wonder; then; if in times
of peace; when striking miracles had ceased; and no men of paramount
authority were forthcoming; the irritable and greedy temper of the people
began to wax cold; and at length to fall away from a worship; which; though
Divine; was also humiliating; and even hostile; and to seek after something
fresh; or can we be surprised that the captains; who always adopt the
popular course; in order to gain the sovereign power for themselves by
enlisting the sympathies of the people; and alienating the high priest;
should have yielded to their demands; and introduced a new worship? (175) If
the state had been formed according to the original intention; the rights
and honour of all the tribes would have been equal; and everything would
have rested on a firm basis。 (176) Who is there who would willingly violate
the religious rights of his kindred? (177) What could a man desire more than
to support his own brothers and parents; thus fulfilling the duties of
religion? (178) Who would not rejoice in being taught by them the
interpretation of the laws; and receiving through them the answers of God?
(17:179) The tribes would thus have been united by a far closer bond; if all
alike had possessed the right to the priesthood。 (180) All danger would have
been obviated; if the choice of the Levites had not been dictated by anger
and revenge。 (181) But; as we have said; the Hebrews had offended their God;
Who; as Ezekiel says; polluted them in their own gifts by rejecting all that
openeth the womb; so that He might destroy them。
(17:182) This passage is also confirmed by their history。 As soon as the
people in the wilderness began to live in ease and plenty; certain men of no
mean birth began to rebel against the choice of the Levites; and to make it
a cause for believing that Moses had not acted by the commands of God; but
for his own good pleasure; inasmuch as he had chosen his own tribe before
all the rest; and had bestowed the high priesthood in perpetuity on his own
brother。 (183) They; therefore; stirred up a tumult; and came to him; crying
out that all men were equally sacred; and that he had exalted himself above
his fellows wrongfully。 (184) Moses was not able to pacify them with
reasons; but by the intervention of a miracle in proof of the faith; they
all perished。 (185) A fresh sedition then arose among the whole people; who
believed that their champions had not been put to death by the judgment of
God; but by the device of Moses。 (186) After a great slaughter; or
pestilence; the rising subsided from inanition; but in such a manner that
all preferred death to life under such conditions。
(17:187) We should rather say that sedition ceased than that harmony was re…
established。 (188) This is witnessed by Scripture (Deut。 xxxi:21); where
God; after predicting to Moses that the people after his death will fall
away from the Divine worship; speaks thus: 〃For I know their imagination
which they go about; even now before I have brought them into the land which
I sware;〃 and; a little while after (xxxi:27); Moses says: For I know thy
rebellion and thy stiff neck: behold while I am yet alive with you this
day; ye have been rebellious against the Lord; and how much more after my
death!〃
(17:189) Indeed; it happened according to his words; as we all know。
(190) Great changes; extreme license; luxury; and hardness of heart grew up;
things went from bad to worse; till at last the people; after being
frequently conquered; came to an open rupture with the Divine right; and
wished for a mortal king; so that the seat of government might be the Court;
instead of the Temple; and that the tribes might remain fellow…citizens in
respect to their king; instead of in respect to Divine right and the high
priesthood。
(17:191) A vast material for new seditions was thus produced; eventually
resulting in the ruin of the entire state。 Kings are above all things
jealous of a precarious rule; and can in nowise brook a do