on the ruin of britain-第2章
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constrained either by the reasonings of my own thoughts; or by
the pious entreaties of my brethren; I now discharge the debt so
long exacted of me; humble; indeed; in style; but faithful; as I
think; and friendly to all Christ's youthful soldiers; but severe
and insupportable to foolish apostates; the former of whom; if I
am not deceived; will receive the same with tears flowing from
god's love; but the others with sorrow; such as is extorted from
the indignation and pusillanimity of a convicted conscience。
2。 I will; therefore; if God be willing; endeavour to say a few
words about the situation of Britain; her disobedience and subjection;
her rebellion; second subjection and dreadful slaveryof her
religion; persecution; holy martyrs; heresies of different kinds
of her tyrants; her two hostile and ravaging nationsof her first
devastation; her defence; her second devastation; and second
taking vengeanceof her third devastation; of her famine; and
the letters to Agitius*…of her victory and her crimesof the
sudden rumour of enemiesof her famous pestilence…of her counsels
of her last enemy; far more cruel than the first…of the subversion
of her cities; and of the remnant that escaped; and finally; of
the peace which; by the will of God; has been granted her in
these our times。
* Or Aetius
II。 The History
3。 The island of Britain; situated on almost the utmost border
of the earth; towards the south and west; and poised in the divine
balance; as it is said; which supports the whole world; stretches
out from the south…west towards the north pole; and is eight
hundred miles long and two hundred broad'1'; except where the
headlands of sundry promontories stretch farther into the sea。
It is surrounded by the ocean; which forms winding bays; and is
strongly defended by this ample; and; if I may so call it;
impassable barrier; save on the south side; where the narrow sea
affords a passage to Belgic Gaul。 It is enriched by the mouths
of two noble rivers; the Thames and the Severn; as it were two
arms; by which foreign luxuries were of old imported; and by
other streams of less importance。 It is famous for eight and
twenty cities; and is embellished by certain castles; with walls;
towers; well barred gates; and houses with threatening battlements
built on high; and provided with all requisite instruments of
defence。 Its plains are spacious; its hills are pleasantly
situated; adapted for superior tillage; and its mountains are
admirably calculated for the alternate pasturage of cattle; where
flowers of various colours; trodden by the feet of man; give it
the appearance of a lovely picture。 It is decked; like a man's
chosen bride; with divers jewels; with lucid fountains and abundant
brooks wandering over the snow white sands; with transparent
rivers; flowing in gentle murmurs; and offering a sweet pledge
of slumber'2' to those who recline upon their banks; whilst it
is irrigated by abundant lakes; which pour forth cool torrents
of refreshing water。
'1' The description of Britain is given in very nearly the same
terms; by Orosius; Bede; and others; but the numbers denoting
the length and breadth and other dimensions; are different in
almost every MS。 Copy。
'2' 〃Soporem〃 in some MSS。; 〃saporem〃 in others; it is difficult
from the turgidity and superabundance of the style to determine
which is the best meaning。
4。 This island; stiffnecked and stubbornminded; from the
time of its being first inhabited; ungratefully rebels; sometimes
against God; sometimes against her own citizens; and frequently
also; against foreign kings and their subjects。 For what can
there either be; or be committed; more disgraceful or more
unrighteous in human affairs; than to refuse to show fear to God
or affection to one's own countrymen; and (without detriment to
one's faith) to refuse due honour to those of higher dignity; to
cast off all regard to reason; human and divine; and; in contempt
of heaven and earth; to be guided by one's own sensual inventions?
I shall; therefore; omit those ancient errors common to all the
nations of the earth; in which; before Christ came in the flesh;
all mankind were bound; nor shall I enumerate those diabolical
idols of my country; which almost surpassed in number those of
Egypt; and of which we still see some mouldering away within or
without the deserted temples; with stiff and deformed features
as was customary。 Nor will I call out upon the mountains; fountains;
or hills; or upon the rivers; which now are subservient to the
use of men; but once were an abomination and destruction to them;
and to which the blind people paid divine honour。 I shall also
pass over the bygone times of our cruel tyrants; whose notoriety
was spread over to far distant countries; so that Porphyry; that
dog who in the east was always so fierce against the church; in
his mad and vain style added this also; that 〃Britain is a land
fertile in tyrants。〃* I will only endeavour to relate the
evils which Britain suffered in the times of the Roman emperors;
and also those which she caused to distant states; but so far as
lies in my power; I shall not follow the writings and records of
my own country; which (if there ever were any of them) have been
consumed in the fires of the enemy; or have accompanied my exiled
countrymen into distant lands; but be guided by the relations of
foreign writers; which; being broken and interrupted in many places
are therefore by no means clear。
* Gildas here confuses the modern idea of a tyrant with that
of an usurper。 The latter is a sense in which Britain was said
to be fertile in tyrants; viz。 In usurpers of the imperial dignity。
5。 For when the rulers of Rome had obtained the empire of the
world; subdued all the neighbouring nations and islands towards
the east; and strengthened their renown by the first peace which
they made with the Parthians; who border on India; there was a
general cessation from war throughout the whole world; the fierce
flame which they kindled could not be extinguished or checked by
the Western Ocean; but passing beyond the sea; imposed submission
upon our island without resistance; and entirely reduced to
obedience its unwarlike but faithless people; not so much by fire
and sword and warlike engines; like other nations; but threats
alone; and menaces of judgments frowning on their countenance;
whilst terror penetrated to their hearts。
6。 When afterwards they returned to Rome; for want of pay; as
is said; and had no suspicion of an approaching rebellion; that
deceitful lioness (Boadicea) put to death the rulers who had been
left among them; to unfold more fully and to confirm the enterprises
of the Romans。 When the report of these things reached the senate;
and they with a speedy army made haste to take vengeance on the
crafty foxes;* as they called them; there was no bold navy on
the sea to fight bravely for the country; by land there was no
marshalled army; no right wing of battle; nor other preparation
for resistance; but their backs were their shields against their
vanquishers; and they presented their necks to their swords; whilst
chill terror ran through every limb; and they stretched out their
hands to be bound; like women; so that it has become a proverb
far and wide; that the Britons are neither brave in war nor faithful
in time of peace。
* The Britons who fought under Boadicea were anything but 〃crafty
foxes。〃 〃Bold lions〃 is a much more appropriate appellation; they
would also have been victorious if they had half the military
advantages of the Romans。
7。 The Romans; therefore; having slain many of the rebels; and
reserved others for slaves; that the land might not be entirely
reduced to desolation; left the island; destitute as it was of
wine and oil; and returned to Italy; leaving behind them taskmasters;
to scourge the shoulders of the natives; to reduce their necks to
the yoke; and their soil to the vassalage of a Roman province;
to chastise the crafty race; not with warlike weapons; but with
rods; and if necessary to gird upon their sides the naked sword;
so that it was no longer thought to be Britain; but a Roman island;
a