autobiography and selected essays-第39章
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holding office under the crown to take the oaths of supremacy and
of allegiance; to receive the sacrament according to the usage of
the Church of England; and to subscribe to the Declaration against
Transubstantiation。
'55'
Poll: an abbreviation and transliteration of 'Greek words'; 〃the
mob〃; university slang for the whole body of students taking merely
the degree of Bachelor of Arts; at Cambridge。
'56'
pluck: the rejection of a student; after examinations; who does not
come up to the standard。
ON A PIECE OF CHALK
'57'
On a Piece of Chalk: a lecture to working…men from Lay Sermons;
Addresses and Reviews。
'58'
Needles of the Isle of Wight: the needles are three white; pointed
rocks of chalk; resting on dark…colored bases; and rising abruptly
from the sea to a height of 100 feet。 Baedeker's Great Britain。
'59'
Lulworth in Dorset; to Flamborough Head: Lulworth is on the
southern coast of England; west of the Isle of Wight: Flamborough
Head is on the northeastern coast of England and extends into the
German Ocean。
'60'
Weald: a name given to an oval…shaped chalk area in England;
beginning near the Straits of Dover; and extending into the
counties of Kent; Surrey; Hants; and Sussex。
'61'
Lieut。 Brooke: Brooke devised an apparatus for deep…sea sounding
from which the weight necessary to sink the instrument rapidly; was
detached when it reached the bottom。 The object was to relieve the
strain on the rope caused by rapid soundings。 Improved apparatuses
have been invented since the time of Brooke。
'62'
Ehrenberg (1795…1876): a German naturalist noted for his studies of
Infusoria。
'63'
Bailey of West Point (1811…1857): an American naturalist noted for
his researches in microscopy。
'64'
enterprise of laying down the telegraph…cable: the first Atlantic
telegraph…cable between England and America was laid in 1858 by
Cyrus W。 Field of New York。 Messages were sent over it for a few
weeks; then it ceased to act。 A permanent cable was laid by Mr。
Field in 1866。
'65'
Dr。 Wallich (1786…1854): a Danish botanist and member of the Royal
Society。
'66'
Mr。 Sorby: President of the Geological Society of England; and
author of many papers on subjects connected with physical
geography。
'67'
Sir Charles Lyell (1797…1875): a British geologist; and one of the
first to uphold Darwin's Origin of Species。
'68'
Echinus: the sea…urchin; an animal which dwells in a spheroidal
shell built up from polygonal plates; and covered with sharp
spines。
'69'
Somme: a river of northern France which flows into the English
Channel northeast of Dieppe。
'70'
the chipped flints of Hoxne and Amiens: the rude instruments which
were made by primitive man were of chipped flint。 Numerous
discoveries of large flint implements have been made in the north
of France; near Amiens; and in England。 The first noted flint
implements were discovered in Hoxne; Suffolk; England; 1797。 Cf。
Evans' Ancient Stone Implements and Lyell's Antiquity of Man。
'71'
Rev。 Mr。 Gunn (1800…1881): an English naturalist。 Mr。 Gunn sent
from Tasmania a large number of plants and animals now in the
British Museum。
'72'
〃the whirligig of time〃: cf。 Shakespeare; Twelfth Night; Act V; se。
I; l。 395。
'73'
Euphrates and Hiddekel: cf。 Genesis ii; 14。
'74'
the great river; the river of Babylon: cf。 Genesis xv; 18
'75'
Without haste; but without rest: from Goethe's Zahme Xenien。 In a
letter to his sister; Huxley says: 〃And then perhaps by the
following of my favorite motto;
〃'Wie das Gestirn;
Ohne Hast;
Ohne Rast'
something may be done; and some of Sister Lizzie's fond
imaginations turn out not altogether untrue。〃 The quotation entire
is as follows:
Wie das Gestirn;
Ohne Hast;
Aber ohne Rast;
Drehe sich jeder
Um die eigne Last。
THE PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS OF EDUCATION (1882)
'76'
The Principal Subjects of Education: an extract from the essay;
Science and Art in Relation to Education。
'77'
this discussion: 〃this〃 refers to the last sentence in the
preceding paragraph; in which Huxley says that it will be
impossible to determine the amount of time to be given to the
principal subjects of education until it is determined 〃what the
principal subjects of education ought to be。〃
'78'
Francis Bacon: cf。 note '26'。
'79'
the best chance of being happy: In connection with Huxley's work on
the London School Board; his biographer says that Huxley did not
regard 〃intellectual training only from the utilitarian point of
view; he insisted; e。 g。; on the value of reading for amusement as
one of the most valuable uses to hardworked people。〃
'80'
〃Harmony in grey〃: cf。 with l。 34 in Browning's Andrea del Sarto。
'81'
Hobbes (1588…1679): noted for his views of human nature and of
politics。 According to Minto; 〃The merits ascribed to his style
are brevity; simplicity and precision。〃
'82'
Bishop Berkeley (1685…1753): an Irish prelate noted for his
philosophical writings and especially for his theory of vision
which was the foundation for modern investigations of the subject。
〃His style has always been esteemed admirable; simple; felicitous
and sweetly melodious。 His dialogues are sustained with great
skill。〃 Minto's Manual of English Prose Literature。
'83'
We have been recently furnished with in prose: The Iliad of Homer
translated by Lang; Leaf and Myers; the first edition of which
appeared in 1882; is probably the one to which Huxley refers。 The
Odyssey; translated by Butcher and Lang; appeared in 1879。 Among
the best of the more recent translations of Homer are the Odyssey
by George Herbert Palmer; the Iliad by Arthur S。 Way; and the
Odyssey by the same author。
'84'
Locke (1632…1704): an English philosopher of great influence。 His
chief work is An Essay Concerning Human Understanding。
'85'
Franciscus Bacon sic cogitavit: thus Francis Bacon thought。
THE METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION (1863)
'86'
The Method of Scientific Investigation is an extract from the third
of six lectures given to workingmen on The Causes of the Phenomena
of Organic Nature in Darwiniana。
'87'
these terrible apparatus: apparatus is the form for both the
singular and plural; apparatuses is another form for the plural。
'88'
Incident in one of Moliere's plays: the allusion is to the hero;
M。 Jourdain in the play; 〃La Bourgeois Gentilbomme。〃
'89'
these kind: modern writers regard kind as singular。 Shakespeare
treated it as a plural noun; as 〃These kind of knaves I knew。〃
'90'
Newton: cf。 '30'。
'91'
Laplace (1749…1827): a celebrated French astronomer and
mathematician。 He is best known for his theory of the formation of
the planetary systems; the so…called 〃nebular hypothesis。〃 Until
recently this hypothesis has generally been accepted in its main
outlines。 It is now being supplanted by the 〃Spiral Nebular
Hypothesis〃 developed by Professors Moulton and Chamberlin of the
University of Chicago。 See Moulton's Introduction to Astronomy; p。
463。
ON THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF LIFE (1868)
'92'
On the Physical Basis of Life: from Methods and Results; also
published in Lay Sermons; Addresses and Reviews。 〃The substance of
this paper was contained in a discourse which was delivered in
Edinburgh on the evening of Sunday; the 8th of November; 1868
being the first of a series of Sunday evening addresses upon non…
theological topics; instituted by the Rev。 J。 Cranbrook。 Some
phrases; which could possess only a transitory and local interest;
have been omitted; instead of the newspaper report of the
Archbishop of York's address; his Grace's subsequently published
pamphlet On the Limits of Philosophical inquiry is quoted; and I
have; h