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autobiography and selected essays-第38章

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'20'

The very spot: St。 Martin's Borough Hall and Public Library; on

Charing Cross Road; near Trafalgar Square。



'21'

Defoe (1661…1731): an English novelist and political writer。  On

account of his political writings Defoe was sentenced to stand in

the pillory; and to be 〃imprisoned during the Queen's pleasure。〃

During this imprisonment he wrote many articles。  Later in life he

wrote Robinson Crusoe; The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll

Flanders; Journal of the Plague Year; and other books less well

known。



'22'

unholy cursing and crackling wit of the Rochesters and Sedleys:

John Wilmot; the second Earl of Rochester; and Sir Charles Sedley;

were both friends of Charles II; and were noted for biting wit and

profligacy。  Green; in his Short History of the English People;

thus describes them: 〃Lord Rochester was a fashionable poet; and

the titles of some of his poems are such as no pen of our day could

copy。  Sir Charles Sedley was a fashionable wit; and the foulness

of his words made even the porters in the Covent Garden belt him

from the balcony when he ventured to address them。〃



'23'

Laud: Archbishop of Canterbury。  Laud was born in 1573; and

beheaded at London in 1645。  He was throughout the reign of Charles

I a staunch supporter of the King。  He was impeached by the Long

Parliament in 1640 and executed on Tower Hill; in 1645。



'24'

selenography: the scientific study of the moon with special

reference to its physical condition。



'25'

Torricellian experiment: a reference to the discovery of the

principle of the barometer by the Italian; Torricelli; in 1643。



'26'

Sir Francis Bacon (1561…1626): Bacon endeavored to teach that

civilization cannot be brought to a high point except as man

applies himself to the study of the secrets of nature; and uses

these discoveries for inventions which will give him power over his

environment。  The chief value of the work was that it called

attention to the uses of induction and to the experimental study of

facts。  See Roger's A Student's History of Philosophy; page 243。



'27'

The learned Dr。 Wallis (1616…1703): Dr。 Wallis is regarded as the

greatest of Newton's predecessors in mathematical history。  His

works are numerous and are on a great variety of subjects。  He was

one of the first members of the Royal Society。



'28'

〃New Philosophy〃: Bacon's ideas on science and philosophy as set

forth in his works。



'29'

Royal Society: see note; page 11。



'30'

Newton; Sir Isaac (1642…1721): a distinguished natural philosopher

of England。  Newton was elected a member of the Royal Society in

1672。  His most important scientific accomplishment was the

establishing of the law of universal gravitation。  The story of the

fall of the apple was first related by Voltaire to whom it was

given by Newton's niece。



'31'

〃Philosophical Transactions〃: the publications of the Royal

Society。



'32'

Galileo (1564…1642): a famous Italian astronomer。  His most noted

work was the construction of the thermometer and a telescope。  He

discovered the satellites of Jupiter in 1610。  In 1610; also; he

observed the sun's spots。  His views were condemned by the Pope in

1616 and in 1633 he was forced by the Inquisition to abjure the

Copernican theory。



'33'

Vesalius (1514…1564): a noted Belgian anatomist。



'34'

Harvey (1578…1657): an English physiologist and anatomist。  He is

noted especially for his discovery of the circulation of the blood。



'35'

Subtle speculations: Selby gives examples from questions discussed

by Thomas Aquinas。  Whether all angels belong to the same genus;

whether demons are evil by nature; or by will; whether they can

change one substance into another; 。 。 。 whether an angel can move

from one point to another without passing through intermediate

space。



'36'

Schoolmen: a term used to designate the followers of scholasticism;

a philosophy of dogmatic religion which assumed a certain subject…

matter as absolute and unquestionable。  The duty of the Schoolman

was to explain church doctrine; these explanations were

characterized by fine distinctions and by an absence of real

content。  See Roger's A Student's History of Philosophy; also

Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology。



'37'

〃writ in water〃: an allusion to Keats' request that the words 〃Here

lies one whose name was writ in water〃 be his epitaph。  The words

are inscribed on his tomb in the Protestant Cemetery at Rome。



'38'

Lord Brouncker: The first president of the Royal Society after its

incorporation in 1662 was Lord Brouneker。



'39'

revenant: ghost。



'40'

Boyle: Robert Boyle (1627…1691): a British chemist and natural

philosopher who was noted especially for his discovery of Boyle's

law of the elasticity of air。



'41'

Evelyn (1620…1706): an English author and member of the Royal

Society。  His most important work is the Diary; valuable for the

full account which it gives of the manners and customs of the time。



'42'

The Restoration: In English history the re…establishing of the

English monarchy with the return of King Charles II in 1660; by

extension the whole reign of Charles II: as; the dramatists of the

Restoration。  Century Dictionary。



'43'

Aladdin's lamps: a reference to the story of the Wonderful Lamp in

the Arabian Nights。  The magic lamp brought marvelous good fortune

to the poor widow's son who possessed it。  Cf。 also Lowell's

Aladdin:



When I was a beggarly boy;

  And lived in a cellar damp;

I had not a friend or a toy;

  But I had Aladdin's lamp;

When I could not sleep for the cold;

  I had fire enough in my brain;

And builded; with roofs of gold;

  My beautiful castles in Spain!



'44'

〃When in heaven the stars〃: from Tennyson's Specimens of a

Translation of the Iliad in Blank Verse。



'45'

〃increasing God's honour and bettering man's estate〃: Bacon's

statement of his purpose in writing the Advancement of Learning。



'46'

For example; etc。: could the sentence beginning thus be written in

better form?



'47'

Rumford (1738…1814): Benjamin Thompson; Count Rumford; an eminent

scientist。  Rumford was born in America and educated at Harvard。

Suspected of loyalty to the King at the time of the revolution; he

was imprisoned。  Acquitted; he went to England where he became

prominent in politics and science。  Invested with the title of

Count by the Holy Roman Empire; he chose Rumford for his title

after the name of the little New Hampshire town where he had

taught。  He gave a large sum of money to Harvard College to found

the Rumford professorship of science。



'48'

eccentric: out of the centre。







A LIBERAL EDUCATION (1868)





'49'

A Liberal Education: from Science and Education; also published in

Lay Sermons; Addresses and Reviews。



'50'

Ichabod: cf。 1 Sam。 iv; 21。



'51'

senior wranglership: in Cambridge University; England; one who has

attained the first class in the elementary division of the public

examination for honors in pure and mixed mathematics; commonly

called the mathematical tripos; those who compose the second rank

of honors being designated senior optimes; and those of the third

order junior optimes。  The student taking absolutely the first

place in the mathematical tripos used to be called senior wrangler;

those following next in the same division being respectively termed

second; third; fourth; etc。; wranglers。  Century Dictionary。



'52'

double…first: any candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in

Oxford University who takes first…class honors in both classics and

mathematics is said to have won a double…first。



'53'

Retzsch (1779…1857): a well…known German painter and engraver。



'54'

Test…Act: an English statute of 1673。  It compelled all persons

holding office under the crown to take the oaths of supremacy and

of allegia

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