a discourse on method-第9章
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PART V
I would here willingly have proceeded to exhibit the whole chain of truths which I deduced from these primary but as with a view to this it would have been necessary now to treat of many questions in dispute among the earned; with whom I do not wish to be embroiled; I believe that it will be better for me to refrain from this exposition; and only mention in general what these truths are; that the more judicious may be able to determine whether a more special account of them would conduce to the public advantage。 I have ever remained firm in my original resolution to suppose no other principle than that of which I have recently availed myself in demonstrating the existence of God and of the soul; and to accept as true nothing that did not appear to me more clear and certain than the demonstrations of the geometers had formerly appeared; and yet I venture to state that not only have I found means to satisfy myself in a short time on all the principal difficulties which are usually treated of in philosophy; but I have also observed certain laws established in nature by God in such a manner; and of which he has impressed on our minds such notions; that after we have reflected sufficiently upon these; we cannot doubt that they are accurately observed in all that exists or takes place in the world and farther; by considering the concatenation of these laws; it appears to me that I have discovered many truths more useful and more important than all I had before learned; or even had expected to learn。
But because I have essayed to expound the chief of these discoveries in a treatise which certain considerations prevent me from publishing; I cannot make the results known more conveniently than by here giving a summary of the contents of this treatise。 It was my design to comprise in it all that; before I set myself to write it; I thought I knew of the nature of material objects。 But like the painters who; finding themselves unable to represent equally well on a plain surface all the different faces of a solid body; select one of the chief; on which alone they make the light fall; and throwing the rest into the shade; allow them to appear only in so far as they can be seen while looking at the principal one; so; fearing lest I should not be able to compense in my discourse all that was in my mind; I resolved to expound singly; though at considerable length; my opinions regarding light; then to take the opportunity of adding something on the sun and the fixed stars; since light almost wholly proceeds from them; on the heavens since they transmit it; on the planets; comets; and earth; since they reflect it; and particularly on all the bodies that are upon the earth; since they are either colored; or transparent; or luminous; and finally on man; since he is the spectator of these objects。 Further; to enable me to cast this variety of subjects somewhat into the shade; and to express my judgment regarding them with greater freedom; without being necessitated to adopt or refute the opinions of the learned; I resolved to leave all the people here to their disputes; and to speak only of what would happen in a new world; if God were now to create somewhere in the imaginary spaces matter sufficient to compose one; and were to agitate variously and confusedly the different parts of this matter; so that there resulted a chaos as disordered as the poets ever feigned; and after that did nothing more than lend his ordinary concurrence to nature; and allow her to act in accordance with the laws which he had established。 On this supposition; I; in the first place; described this matter; and essayed to represent it in such a manner that to my mind there can be nothing clearer and more intelligible; except what has been recently said regarding God and the soul; for I even expressly supposed that it possessed none of those forms or qualities which are so debated in the schools; nor in general anything the knowledge of which is not so natural to our minds that no one can so much as imagine himself ignorant of it。 Besides; I have pointed out what are the laws of nature; and; with no other principle upon which to found my reasonings except the infinite perfection of God; I endeavored to demonstrate all those about which there could be any room for doubt; and to prove that they are such; that even if God had created more worlds; there could have been none in which these laws were not observed。 Thereafter; I showed how the greatest part of the matter of this chaos must; in accordance with these laws; dispose and arrange itself in such a way as to present the appearance of heavens; how in the meantime some of its parts must compose an earth and some planets and comets; and others a sun and fixed stars。 And; making a digression at this stage on the subject of light; I expounded at considerable length what the nature of that light must be which is found in the sun and the stars; and how thence in an instant of time it traverses the immense spaces of the heavens; and how from the planets and comets it is reflected towards the earth。 To this I likewise added much respecting the substance; the situation; the motions; and all the different qualities of these heavens and stars; so that I thought I had said enough respecting them to show that there is nothing observable in the heavens or stars of our system that must not; or at least may not appear precisely alike in those of the system which I described。 I came next to speak of the earth in particular; and to show how; even though I had expressly supposed that God had given no weight to the matter of which it is composed; this should not prevent all its parts from tending exactly to its center; how with water and air on its surface; the disposition of the heavens and heavenly bodies; more especially of the moon; must cause a flow and ebb; like in all its circumstances to that observed in our seas; as also a certain current both of water and air from east to west; such as is likewise observed between the tropics; how the mountains; seas; fountains; and rivers might naturally be formed in it; and the metals produced in the mines; and the plants grow in the fields and in general; how all the bodies which are commonly denominated mixed or composite might be generated and; among other things in the discoveries alluded to inasmuch as besides the stars; I knew nothing except fire which produces light; I spared no pains to set forth all that pertains to its nature; the manner of its production and support; and to explain how heat is sometimes found without light; and light without heat; to show how it can induce various colors upon different bodies and other diverse qualities; how it reduces some to a liquid state and hardens others; how it can consume almost all bodies; or convert them into ashes and smoke; and finally; how from these ashes; by the mere intensity of its action; it forms glass: for as this transmutation of ashes into glass appeared to me as wonderful as any other in nature; I took a special pleasure in describing it。 I was not; however; disposed; from these circumstances; to conclude that this world had been created in the manner I described; for it is much more likely that God made it at the first such as it was to be。 But this is certain; and an opinion commonly received among theologians; that the action by which he now sustains it is the same with that by which he originally created it; so that even although he had from the beginning given it no other form than that of chaos; provided only he had established certain laws of nature; and had lent it his concurrence to enable it to act as it is wont to do; it may be believed; without discredit to the miracle of creation; that; in this way alone; things purely material might; in course of time; have become such as we observe them at present; and their nature is much more easily conceived when they are beheld coming in this manner gradually into existence; than when they are only considered as produced at once in a finished and perfect state。
From the description of inanimate bodies and plants; I passed to animals; and particularly to man。 But since I had not as yet sufficient knowledge to enable me to treat of these in the same manne