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第11章

a discourse on method-第11章

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ving been the first to teach that there are many small passages at the extremities of the arteries; through which the blood received by them from the heart passes into the small branches of the veins; whence it again returns to the heart; so that its course amounts precisely to a perpetual circulation。  Of this we have abundant proof in the ordinary experience of surgeons; who; by binding the arm with a tie of moderate straitness above the part where they open the vein; cause the blood to flow more copiously than it would have done without any ligature; whereas quite the contrary would happen were they to bind it below; that is; between the hand and the opening; or were to make the ligature above the opening very tight。  For it is manifest that the tie; moderately straightened; while adequate to hinder the blood already in the arm from returning towards the heart by the veins; cannot on that account prevent new blood from coming forward through the arteries; because these are situated below the veins; and their coverings; from their greater consistency; are more difficult to compress; and also that the blood which comes from the heart tends to pass through them to the hand with greater force than it does to return from the hand to the heart through the veins。 And since the latter current escapes from the arm by the opening made in one of the veins; there must of necessity be certain passages below the ligature; that is; towards the extremities of the arm through which it can come thither from the arteries。  This physician likewise abundantly establishes what he has advanced respecting the motion of the blood; from the existence of certain pellicles; so disposed in various places along the course of the veins; in the manner of small valves; as not to permit the blood to pass from the middle of the body towards the extremities; but only to return from the extremities to the heart; and farther; from experience which shows that all the blood which is in the body may flow out of it in a very short time through a single artery that has been cut; even although this had been closely tied in the immediate neighborhood of the heart and cut between the heart and the ligature; so as to prevent the supposition that the blood flowing out of it could come from any other quarter than the heart。

But there are many other circumstances which evince that what I have alleged is the true cause of the motion of the blood:  thus; in the first place; the difference that  is observed between the blood which flows from the veins; and that from the arteries; can only arise from this; that being rarefied; and; as it were; distilled by passing through the heart; it is thinner; and more vivid; and warmer immediately after leaving the heart; in other words; when in the arteries; than it was a short time before passing into either; in other words; when it was in the veins; and if attention be given; it will be found that this difference is very marked only in the neighborhood of the heart; and is not so evident in parts more remote from it。  In the next place; the consistency of the coats of which the arterial vein and the great artery are  composed; sufficiently shows that the blood is impelled  against them with more force than against the veins。  And why should the left cavity of the heart and the  great artery be wider and larger than the right cavity and the arterial vein; were it not that the blood of the  venous artery; having only been in the lungs after it has passed through the heart; is thinner; and rarefies more readily; and in a higher degree; than the blood which proceeds immediately from the hollow vein?  And what can physicians conjecture from feeling the pulse unless they know that according as the blood changes its nature it can be rarefied by the warmth of the heart; in a higher or lower degree; and more or less quickly than before?  And if it be inquired how this heat is communicated to the other members; must it not be admitted that this is effected by means of the blood; which; passing through the heart; is there heated anew; and thence diffused over all the body?  Whence it happens; that if the blood be withdrawn from any part; the heat is likewise withdrawn by the same means; and although the heart were as…hot as glowing iron; it would not be capable of warming the feet and hands as at present; unless it continually sent thither new blood。  We likewise perceive from this; that the true use of respiration is to bring sufficient fresh air into the lungs; to cause the blood which flows into them from the right ventricle of the heart; where it has been rarefied and; as it were; changed into vapors; to become thick; and to convert it anew into blood; before it flows into the left cavity; without which process it would be unfit for the nourishment of the fire that is there。  This receives confirmation from the circumstance; that it is observed of animals destitute of lungs that they have also but one cavity in the heart; and that in children who cannot use them while in the womb; there is a hole through which the blood flows from the hollow vein into the left cavity of the heart; and a tube through which it passes from the arterial vein into the grand artery without passing through the lung。  In the next place; how could digestion be carried on in the stomach unless the heart communicated heat to it through the arteries; and along with this certain of the more fluid parts of the blood; which assist in the dissolution of the food that has been taken in?  Is not also the operation which converts the juice of food into blood easily comprehended; when it is considered that it is distilled by passing and repassing through the heart perhaps more than one or two hundred times in a day?  And what more need be adduced to explain nutrition; and the production of the different humors of the body; beyond saying; that the force with which the blood; in being rarefied; passes from the heart towards the extremities of the arteries; causes certain of its parts to remain in the members at which they arrive; and there occupy the place of some others expelled by them; and that according to the situation; shape; or smallness of the pores with which they meet; some rather  than others flow into certain parts; in the same way that some sieves are observed to act; which; by being variously perforated; serve to separate different species of grain?  And; in the last place; what above all is here worthy of observation; is the generation of the animal spirits; which are like a very subtle wind; or rather a very pure and vivid flame which; continually ascending in great abundance from the heart to the brain; thence penetrates through the nerves into the muscles; and gives motion to all the members; so that to account for other parts of the blood which; as most agitated and penetrating; are the fittest to compose these spirits; proceeding towards the brain; it is not necessary to suppose any other cause; than simply; that the arteries which carry them thither proceed from the heart in the most direct lines; and that; according to the rules of mechanics which are the same with those of nature; when many objects tend at once to the same point where there is not sufficient room for all (as is the case with the parts of the blood which flow forth from the left cavity of the heart and tend towards the brain); the weaker and less agitated parts must necessarily be driven aside from that point by the stronger which alone in this way reach it I had expounded all these matters with sufficient minuteness in the treatise which I formerly thought of publishing。  And after these; I had shown what must be the fabric of the nerves and muscles of the human body to give the animal spirits contained in it the power to move the members; as when we see heads shortly after they have been struck off still move and bite the earth; although no longer animated; what changes must take place in the brain to produce waking; sleep; and dreams; how light; sounds; odors; tastes; heat; and all the other qualities of external objects impress it with different ideas by means of the senses; how hunger; thirst; and the other internal affections can likewise impress upon it divers ideas; what must be understood

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