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第6章

god the known and god the unknown-第6章

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analogous; is not a person; we are required; therefore; to 

believe in a personal God; who has no true person; to believe; 

that is to say; in an impersonal person。



This; as we have seen already; is Atheism under another name; 

being; as it is; destructive of all idea of God whatever; for 

these words do not convey an idea of something which human 

intelligence can understand up to a certain point; and which it 

can watch going out of sight into regions beyond our view; but in 

the same direction…as we may infer other stars in space beyond 

the farthest that we know of; they convey utterly self…

destructive ideas; which can have no real meaning; and can only 

be thought to have a meaning by ignorant and uncultivated people。  

Otherwise such foundation as human reason rests upon…that is to 

say; the current opinion of those whom the world appraises as 

reasonable and agreeable; or capable of being agreed with for any 

time…is sapped; the whole thing tumbles down; and we may have 

square circles and round triangles; which may be declared to be 

no longer absurdities and contradictions in terms; but mysteries 

that go beyond our reason; without being contrary to it。  Few will 

maintain this; and those few may be neglected; an impersonal 

person must therefore be admitted to be nonsense; and an 

immaterial God to be Atheism in another shape。



On the other hand; if God is 〃of a reasonable soul and human 

flesh subsisting;〃 and if he thus has the body without which he 

is…as far as we are concerned…non…existent; this body must yet be 

reasonably like other bodies; and must exist in some place and at 

some time。  Furthermore; it must do sufficiently nearly what all 

other 〃human flesh〃 belonging to 〃perfect man〃 must do; or cease 

to be human flesh。  Our ideas are like our organisms; they have 

some little elasticity and circumstance…suiting power; some 

little margin on which; as I have elsewhere said; side…notes may 

be written; and glosses on the original text; but this power is 

very limited。  As offspring will only; as a general rule; vary 

very little from its immediate parents; and as it will fail 

either immediately or in the second generation if the parents 

differ too widely from one another; so we cannot get our idea of…

we will say a horse…to conjure up to our minds the idea of any 

animal more unlike a horse than a pony is; nor can we get a well…

defined idea of a combination between a horse and any animal more 

remote from it than an ass; zebra; or giraffe。  We may; indeed; 

make a statue of a flying horse; but the idea is one which cannot 

be made plausible to any but ignorant people。  So 〃human flesh〃 

may vary a little from 〃human flesh〃 without undue violence being 

done to our reason and to the right use of language; but it 

cannot differ from it so much as not to eat; drink; nor waste and 

repair itself。  〃Human flesh;〃 which is without these necessary 

adjuncts; is human flesh only to those who can believe in flying 

horses with feathered wings and bills like birds…that is to say; 

to vulgar and superstitious persons。



Lastly; not only must the 〃perfect man;〃 who is the second person 

of the Godhead according to the orthodox faith; and who subsists 

of 〃human flesh〃 as well as of a 〃reasonable soul;〃 not only must 

this person exist; but he must exist in some place either on this 

earth or outside it。  If he exists on earth; he must be in Europe; 

Asia; Africa; America; or on some island; and if he were met with 

he must be capable of being seen and handled in the same way as 

all other things that can be called perfect man are seen; 

otherwise he is a perfect man who is not only not a perfect man; 

but who does not in any considerable degree resemble one。  It is 

not; however; pretended by anyone that God; the 〃perfect man;〃 is 

to be looked for in any place upon the surface of the globe。



If; on the other hand; the person of God exists in some sphere 

outside the earth; his human flesh again proves to be of an 

entirely different kind from all other human flesh; for we know 

that such flesh cannot exist except on earth; if in space 

unsupported; it must fall to the ground; or into some other 

planet; or into a sun; or go on revolving round the earth or some 

other heavenly body…or not be personal。  None of those 

whose opinions will carry weight will assign a position either in 

some country on this earth; or yet again in space; to Jesus 

Christ; but this involves the rendering meaningless of all 

expressions which involve his personality。



The Christian conception; therefore; of the Deity proves when 

examined with any desire to understand our own meaning (and what 

lawlessness so great as the attempt to impose words upon our 

understandings which have no lawful settlement within them?) to 

be no less a contradiction in terms than the Pantheistic 

conception。  It is Atheistic; as offering us a God which is not a 

God; inasmuch as we can conceive of no such being; nor of 

anything in the least like it。  It is; like Pantheism; an 

illusion; which can be believed only by those who repeat a 

formula which they have learnt by heart in a foreign language of 

which they understand nothing; and yet aver that they believe it。  

There are doubtless many who will say that this is possible; but 

the majority of my readers will hold that no proposition can be 

believed or disbelieved until its nature is understood。



It may perhaps be said that there is another conception of God 

possible; and that we may see him as personal; without at the 

same time believing that he has any actual tangible existence。  

Thus we personify hope; truth; and justice; without intending to 

convey to anyone the impression that these qualities are women; 

with flesh and blood。  Again; we do not think of Nature as an 

actual woman; though we call her one; why may we not conceive of 

God; then; as an expression whereby we personify; by a figure of 

speech only; the thing that is intended being no person; but our 

own highest ideal of power; wisdom; and duration。



There would be no reason to complain of this if this manner of 

using the word 〃God〃 were well understood。  Many words have two 

meanings; or even three; without any mischievous confusion of 

thought following。  There can not only be no objection to the use 

of the word God as a manner of expressing the highest ideal of 

which our minds can conceive; but on the contrary no better 

expression can be found; and it is a pity the word is not thus 

more generally used。



Few; however; would be content with any such limitation of God as 

that he should be an idea only; an expression for certain 

qualities of human thought and action。  Whence; it may be fairly 

asked; did our deeply rooted belief in God as a Living Person 

originate? The idea of him as of an inconceivably vast; ancient; 

powerful; loving; and yet formidable Person is one which survives 

all changes of detail in men's opinion。  I believe there are a 

few very savage tribes who are as absolutely without religious 

sense as the beasts of the field; but the vast majority for a 

long time past have been possessed with an idea that there is 

somewhere a Living God who is the Spirit and the Life of all that 

is; and who is a true Person with an individuality and self…

consciousness of his own。  It is only natural that we should be 

asked how such an idea has remained in the minds of so many … who 

differ upon almost every other part of their philosophy…for so 

long a time if it was without foundation; and a piece of dreamy 

mysticism only。



True; it has generally been declared that this God is an infinite 

God; and an infinite God is a God without any bounds or 

limitations; and a God without bounds or limitations is an 

impersonal God; and an impersonal God is Atheism。  But may not 

this be the incoherency of prophecy which precedes the successfu

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