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god the known and god the unknown-第3章

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THE Rev。  J。  H。  Blunt; in his 〃Dictionary of Sects; Heresies; 

etc。;〃 defines Pantheists as 〃those who hold that God is 

everything; and everything is God。〃



If it is granted that the value of words lies in the definiteness 

and coherency of the ideas that present themselves to us when the 

words are heard or spoken…then such a sentence as 〃God is 

everything and everything is God〃 is worthless。



For we have so long associated the word 〃God〃 with the idea of a 

Living Person; who can see; hear; will; feel pleasure; 

displeasure; etc。; that we cannot think of God; and also of 

something which we have not been accustomed to think of as a 

Living Person; at one and the same time; so as to connect the two 

ideas and fuse them into a coherent thought。  While we are 

thinking of the one; our minds involuntarily exclude the other; 

and vice versa; so that it is as impossible for us to 

think of anything as God; or as forming part of God; which we 

cannot also think of as a Person; or as a part of a Person; as it 

is to produce a hybrid between two widely distinct animals。  If I 

am not mistaken; the barrenness of inconsistent ideas; and the 

sterility of widely distant species or genera of plants and 

animals; are one in principle…sterility of hybrids being due to 

barrenness of ideas; and barrenness of ideas arising from 

inability to fuse unfamiliar thoughts into a coherent conception。  

I have insisted on this at some length in 〃Life and Habit;〃 but 

can do so no further here。  (Footnote: Butler returned to this 

subject in 〃Luck; or cunning?〃 which was originally published in 

1887。



In like manner we have so long associated the word 〃Person〃 with 

the idea of a substantial visible body; limited in extent; and 

animated by an invisible something which we call Spirit; that we 

can think of nothing as a person which does not also bring these 

ideas before us。  Any attempt to make us imagine God as a Person 

who does not fulfil 'sic' the conditions which our ideas attach 

to the word 〃person;〃 is ipso facto atheistic; as 

rendering the word God without meaning; and therefore without 

reality; and therefore non…existent to us。  Our ideas are like 

our organism; they will stand a vast amount of modification if it 

is effected slowly and without shock; but the life departs out of 

them; leaving the form of an idea without the power thereof; if 

they are jarred too rudely。



Any being; then; whom we can imagine as God; must have all the 

qualities; capabilities; and also all the limitations which are 

implied when the word 〃person〃 is used。



But; again; we cannot conceive of 〃everything〃 as a person。  

〃Everything〃 must comprehend all that is to be found on earth; or 

outside of it; and we know of no such persons as this。  When we 

say 〃persons〃 we intend living people with flesh and blood; 

sometimes we extend our conceptions to animals and plants; but we 

have not hitherto done so as generally as I hope we shall some 

day come to do。  Below animals and plants we have never in any 

seriousness gone。  All that we have been able to regard as 

personal has had what we can call a living body; even though that 

body is vegetable only; and this body has been tangible; and has 

been comprised within certain definite limits; or within limits 

which have at any rate struck the eye as definite。  And every part 

within these limits has been animated by an unseen something 

which we call soul or spirit。  A person must be a persona…

that is to say; the living mask and mouthpiece of an energy 

saturating it; and speaking through it。  It must be animate in all 

its parts。



But 〃everything〃 is not animate。  Animals and plants alone produce 

in us those ideas which can make reasonable people call them 

〃persons〃 with consistency of intention。  We can conceive of each 

animal and of each plant as a person; we can conceive again of a 

compound person like the coral polypes 'sic'; or like a tree 

which is composed of a congeries of subordinate persons; 

inasmuch as each bud is a separate and individual plant。  We can 

go farther than this; and; as I shall hope to show; we ought to 

do so; that is to say; we shall find it easier and more agreeable 

with our other ideas to go farther than not; for we should see 

all animal and vegetable life as united by a subtle and till 

lately invisible ramification; so that all living things are one 

tree…like growth; forming a single person。  But we cannot conceive 

of oceans; continents; and air as forming parts of a person at 

all; much less can we think of them as forming one person with 

the living forms that inhabit them。



To ask this of us is like asking us to see the bowl and the water 

in which three gold…fish are swimming as part of the gold…fish。  

We cannot do it any more than we can do something physically 

impossible。  We can see the gold…fish as forming one family; and 

therefore as in a way united to the personality of the parents 

from which they sprang; and therefore as members one of another; 

and therefore as forming a single growth of gold…fish; as boughs 

and buds unite to form a tree; but we cannot by any effort of the 

imagination introduce the bowl and the water into the 

personality; for we have never been accustomed to think of such 

things as living and personal。  Those; therefore; who tell us that 

〃God is everything; and everything is God;〃 require us to see 

〃everything〃 as a person; which we cannot; or God as not a 

person; which again we cannot。



Continuing the article of Mr。  Blunt from which I have already 

quoted; I read :…



〃Linus; in a passage which has been preserved by Stobaeus; 

exactly expresses the notion afterwards adopted by Spinoza: 'One 

sole energy governs all things; all things are unity; and each 

portion is All; for of one integer all things were born; in the 

end of time all things shall again become unity; the unity of 

multiplicity。'  Orpheus; his disciple; taught no other doctrine。〃



According to Pythagoras; 〃an adept in the Orphic philosophy;〃 

〃the soul of the world is the Divine energy which interpenetrates 

every portion of the mass; and the soul of man is an efflux of 

that energy。  The world; too; is an exact impress of the Eternal 

Idea; which is the mind of God。〃  John Scotus Erigena taught that 

〃all is God and God is all。〃  William of Champeaux; again; two 

hundred years later; maintained that 〃all individuality is one in 

substance; and varies only in its non…essential accidents and 

transient properties。〃 Amalric of Bena and David of Dinant 

followed the theory out 〃into a thoroughgoing Pantheism。〃  

Amalric held that 〃All is God and God is all。  The Creator and the 

creature are one Being。  Ideas are at once creative and created; 

subjective and objective。  God is the end of all; and all return 

to Him。  As every variety of humanity forms one manhood; so the 

world contains individual forms of one eternal essence。〃  David 

of Dinant only varied upon this by 〃imagining a corporeal unity。  

Although body; soul; and eternal substance are three; these three 

are one and the same being。〃



Giordano Bruno maintained the world of sense to be 〃a vast animal 

having the Deity for its living。  soul。〃 The inanimate part of the 

world is thus excluded from participation in the Deity; and a 

conception that our minds can embrace is offered us instead of 

one which they cannot entertain; except as in a dream; 

incoherently。  But without such a view of evolution as was 

prevalent at the beginning of this century; it was impossible to 

see 〃the world of sense〃 intelligently; as forming 〃a vast 

animal。〃  Unless; therefore; Giordano Bruno held the opinions of 

Buffon; Dr。  Erasmus Darwin; and Lamarck; with more definiteness 

than I am yet aware of his having done; his contention must be 

considered as a splendid prophecy; but as little more than a 

prophecy。  He 

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