±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > wealbk02 >

µÚ5ÕÂ

wealbk02-µÚ5ÕÂ

С˵£º wealbk02 ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Money£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡circulating

capital¡¡of¡¡a¡¡society£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡maintenance¡¡can¡¡occasion¡¡any

diminution¡¡in¡¡their¡¡net¡¡revenue¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡fixed¡¡capital£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡circulating¡¡capital

which¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡money£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡they¡¡affect¡¡the¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the

society£»¡¡bear¡¡a¡¡very¡¡great¡¡resemblance¡¡to¡¡one¡¡another¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡First£»¡¡as¡¡those¡¡machines¡¡and¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡trade£»¡¡etc¡££»

require¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡expense£»¡¡first¡¡to¡¡erect¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡afterwards¡¡to

support¡¡them£»¡¡both¡¡which¡¡expenses£»¡¡though¡¡they¡¡make¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the

gross£»¡¡are¡¡deductions¡¡from¡¡the¡¡net¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡society£»¡¡so¡¡the

stock¡¡of¡¡money¡¡which¡¡circulates¡¡in¡¡any¡¡country¡¡must¡¡require¡¡a

certain¡¡expense£»¡¡first¡¡to¡¡collect¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡afterwards¡¡to¡¡support

it£»¡¡both¡¡which¡¡expenses£»¡¡though¡¡they¡¡make¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gross£»

are£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner£»¡¡deductions¡¡from¡¡the¡¡net¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the

society¡£¡¡A¡¡certain¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡very¡¡valuable¡¡materials£»¡¡gold¡¡and

silver£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡very¡¡curious¡¡labour£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡augmenting¡¡the

stock¡¡reserved¡¡for¡¡immediate¡¡consumption£»¡¡the¡¡subsistence£»

conveniencies£»¡¡and¡¡amusements¡¡of¡¡individuals£»¡¡is¡¡employed¡¡in

supporting¡¡that¡¡great¡¡but¡¡expensive¡¡instrument¡¡of¡¡commerce£»¡¡by

means¡¡of¡¡which¡¡every¡¡individual¡¡in¡¡the¡¡society¡¡has¡¡his

subsistence£»¡¡conveniencies£»¡¡and¡¡amusements¡¡regularly¡¡distributed

to¡¡him¡¡in¡¡their¡¡proper¡¡proportions¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Secondly£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡machines¡¡and¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡a¡¡trade£»¡¡etc¡££»

which¡¡compose¡¡the¡¡fixed¡¡capital¡¡either¡¡of¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡or¡¡of¡¡a

society£»¡¡make¡¡no¡¡part¡¡either¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gross¡¡or¡¡of¡¡the¡¡net¡¡revenue

of¡¡either£»¡¡so¡¡money£»¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the

society¡¡is¡¡regularly¡¡distributed¡¡among¡¡all¡¡its¡¡different¡¡members£»

makes¡¡itself¡¡no¡¡part¡¡of¡¡that¡¡revenue¡£¡¡The¡¡great¡¡wheel¡¡of

circulation¡¡is¡¡altogether¡¡different¡¡from¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡are

circulated¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡The¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡society¡¡consists

altogether¡¡in¡¡those¡¡goods£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡in¡¡the¡¡wheel¡¡which¡¡circulates

them¡£¡¡In¡¡computing¡¡either¡¡the¡¡gross¡¡or¡¡the¡¡net¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡any

society£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡always£»¡¡from¡¡their¡¡whole¡¡annual¡¡circulation¡¡of

money¡¡and¡¡goods£»¡¡deduct¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡money£»¡¡of¡¡which

not¡¡a¡¡single¡¡farthing¡¡can¡¡ever¡¡make¡¡any¡¡part¡¡of¡¡either¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡ambiguity¡¡of¡¡language¡¡only¡¡which¡¡can¡¡make¡¡this

proposition¡¡appear¡¡either¡¡doubtful¡¡or¡¡paradoxical¡£¡¡When¡¡properly

explained¡¡and¡¡understood£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡self¡­evident¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡we¡¡talk¡¡of¡¡any¡¡particular¡¡sum¡¡of¡¡money£»¡¡we¡¡sometimes

mean¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡composed£»¡¡and

sometimes¡¡we¡¡include¡¡in¡¡our¡¡meaning¡¡some¡¡obscure¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the

goods¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡had¡¡in¡¡exchange¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of

purchasing¡¡which¡¡the¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡it¡¡conveys¡£¡¡Thus¡¡when¡¡we¡¡say

that¡¡the¡¡circulating¡¡money¡¡of¡¡England¡¡has¡¡been¡¡computed¡¡at

eighteen¡¡millions£»¡¡we¡¡mean¡¡only¡¡to¡¡express¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡the

metal¡¡pieces£»¡¡which¡¡some¡¡writers¡¡have¡¡computed£»¡¡or¡¡rather¡¡have

supposed¡¡to¡¡circulate¡¡in¡¡that¡¡country¡£¡¡But¡¡when¡¡we¡¡say¡¡that¡¡a¡¡man

is¡¡worth¡¡fifty¡¡or¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡pounds¡¡a¡¡year£»¡¡we¡¡mean¡¡commonly¡¡to

express¡¡not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡are

annually¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡he¡¡can

annually¡¡purchase¡¡or¡¡consume¡£¡¡We¡¡mean¡¡commonly¡¡to¡¡ascertain¡¡what

is¡¡or¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡his¡¡way¡¡of¡¡living£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡and¡¡quality

of¡¡the¡¡necessaries¡¡and¡¡conveniencies¡¡of¡¡life¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡can¡¡with

propriety¡¡indulge¡¡himself¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When£»¡¡by¡¡any¡¡particular¡¡sum¡¡of¡¡money£»¡¡we¡¡mean¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to

express¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡composed£»

but¡¡to¡¡include¡¡in¡¡its¡¡signification¡¡some¡¡obscure¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the

goods¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡had¡¡in¡¡exchange¡¡for¡¡them£»¡¡the¡¡wealth¡¡or

revenue¡¡which¡¡it¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡denotes£»¡¡is¡¡equal¡¡only¡¡to¡¡one¡¡of

the¡¡two¡¡values¡¡which¡¡are¡¡thus¡¡intimated¡¡somewhat¡¡ambiguously¡¡by

the¡¡same¡¡word£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡more¡¡properly¡¡than¡¡to¡¡the

former£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡money's¡¡worth¡¡more¡¡properly¡¡than¡¡to¡¡the¡¡money¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡if¡¡a¡¡guinea¡¡be¡¡the¡¡weekly¡¡pension¡¡of¡¡a¡¡particular

person£»¡¡he¡¡can¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡week¡¡purchase¡¡with¡¡it¡¡a

certain¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡subsistence£»¡¡conveniencies£»¡¡and¡¡amusements¡£

In¡¡proportion¡¡as¡¡this¡¡quantity¡¡is¡¡great¡¡or¡¡small£»¡¡so¡¡are¡¡his¡¡real

riches£»¡¡his¡¡real¡¡weekly¡¡revenue¡£¡¡His¡¡weekly¡¡revenue¡¡is¡¡certainly

not¡¡equal¡¡both¡¡to¡¡the¡¡guinea£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡what¡¡can¡¡be¡¡purchased¡¡with

it£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡to¡¡one¡¡or¡¡other¡¡of¡¡those¡¡two¡¡equal¡¡values£»¡¡and¡¡to

the¡¡latter¡¡more¡¡properly¡¡than¡¡to¡¡the¡¡former£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡guinea's

worth¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡to¡¡the¡¡guinea¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡pension¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡person¡¡was¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡not¡¡in

gold£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡a¡¡weekly¡¡bill¡¡for¡¡a¡¡guinea£»¡¡his¡¡revenue¡¡surely¡¡would

not¡¡so¡¡properly¡¡consist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡paper£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡what¡¡he

could¡¡get¡¡for¡¡it¡£¡¡A¡¡guinea¡¡may¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡a¡¡bill¡¡for¡¡a

certain¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡necessaries¡¡and¡¡conveniencies¡¡upon¡¡all¡¡the

tradesmen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡neighbourhood¡£¡¡The¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡person¡¡to¡¡whom

it¡¡is¡¡paid£»¡¡does¡¡not¡¡so¡¡properly¡¡consist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡gold£»¡¡as

in¡¡what¡¡he¡¡can¡¡get¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡what¡¡he¡¡can¡¡exchange¡¡it¡¡for¡£¡¡If

it¡¡could¡¡be¡¡exchanged¡¡for¡¡nothing£»¡¡it¡¡would£»¡¡like¡¡a¡¡bill¡¡upon¡¡a

bankrupt£»¡¡be¡¡of¡¡no¡¡more¡¡value¡¡than¡¡the¡¡most¡¡useless¡¡piece¡¡of

paper¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Though¡¡the¡¡weekly¡¡or¡¡yearly¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡different

inhabitants¡¡of¡¡any¡¡country£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner£»¡¡may¡¡be£»¡¡and¡¡in

reality¡¡frequently¡¡is¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡them¡¡in¡¡money£»¡¡their¡¡real¡¡riches£»

however£»¡¡the¡¡real¡¡weekly¡¡or¡¡yearly¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡all¡¡of¡¡them¡¡taken

together£»¡¡must¡¡always¡¡be¡¡great¡¡or¡¡small¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the

quantity¡¡of¡¡consumable¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡they¡¡can¡¡all¡¡of¡¡them¡¡purchase

with¡¡this¡¡money¡£¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡all¡¡of¡¡them¡¡taken¡¡together

is¡¡evidently¡¡not¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡both¡¡the¡¡money¡¡and¡¡the¡¡consumable

goods£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡to¡¡one¡¡or¡¡other¡¡of¡¡those¡¡two¡¡values£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the

latter¡¡more¡¡properly¡¡than¡¡to¡¡the¡¡former¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Though¡¡we¡¡frequently£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡express¡¡a¡¡person's¡¡revenue

by¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡are¡¡annually¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡because

the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡those¡¡pieces¡¡regulates¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡his¡¡power¡¡of

purchasing£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡he¡¡can¡¡annually

afford¡¡to¡¡consume¡£¡¡We¡¡still¡¡consider¡¡his¡¡revenue¡¡as¡¡consisting¡¡in

this¡¡power¡¡of¡¡purchasing¡¡or¡¡consuming£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pieces

which¡¡convey¡¡it¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡if¡¡this¡¡is¡¡sufficiently¡¡evident¡¡even¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡an

individual£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡still¡¡more¡¡so¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡a¡¡society¡£¡¡The

amount¡¡of¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡are¡¡annually¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡an

individual£»¡¡is¡¡often¡¡precisely¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡his¡¡revenue£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡upon

that¡¡account¡¡the¡¡shortest¡¡and¡¡best¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡its¡¡value¡£¡¡But

the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡circulate¡¡in¡¡a¡¡society¡¡can

never¡¡be¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡all¡¡its¡¡members¡£¡¡As¡¡the¡¡same

guinea¡¡which¡¡pays¡¡the¡¡weekly¡¡pension¡¡of¡¡one¡¡man¡¡to¡­day£»¡¡may¡¡pay

that¡¡of¡¡another¡¡to¡­morrow£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡third¡¡the¡¡day

thereafter£»¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡annually

circulate¡¡in¡¡any¡¡country¡¡must¡¡always¡¡be¡¡of¡¡much¡¡less¡¡value¡¡than

the¡¡whole¡¡money¡¡pensions¡¡annually¡¡paid¡¡with¡¡them¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡power

of¡¡purchasing£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡can¡¡successively¡¡be¡¡bought¡¡with

the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡those¡¡money¡¡pensions¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡successively¡¡paid£»

must¡¡always¡¡be¡¡precisely¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡value¡¡with¡¡those¡¡pensions£»

as¡¡must¡¡likewise¡¡be¡¡the¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡different¡¡persons¡¡to¡¡whom

they¡¡are¡¡paid¡£¡¡That¡¡revenue£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡cannot¡¡consist¡¡in¡¡those

metal¡¡pieces£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡is¡¡so¡¡much¡¡inferior¡¡to¡¡its

value£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡purchasing£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡can

successively¡¡be¡¡bought¡¡with¡¡them¡¡as¡¡they¡¡circulate¡¡from¡¡hand¡¡to

hand¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Money£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡the¡¡great¡¡wheel¡¡of¡¡circulation£»¡¡the¡¡great

instrument¡¡of¡¡commerce£»¡¡like¡¡all¡¡other¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡trade£»

though¡¡it¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡part¡¡and¡¡a¡¡very¡¡valuable¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡capital£»

makes¡¡no¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡society¡¡to¡¡which¡¡it¡¡belongs£»

and¡¡though¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡composed£»¡¡in¡¡the

course¡¡of¡¡their¡¡annual¡¡circulation£»¡¡distribute¡¡to¡¡every¡¡man¡¡the

revenue¡¡which¡¡properly¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡they¡¡make¡¡themselves¡¡no

part¡¡of¡¡that¡¡revenue¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thirdly£»¡¡and¡¡lastly£»¡¡the¡¡machines¡¡and¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡trade£»

etc¡££»¡¡which¡¡compose¡¡the¡¡fixed¡¡capital£»¡¡bear¡¡this¡¡further

resemblance¡¡to¡¡that¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡circulating¡¡capital¡¡which

consists¡¡in¡¡money£»¡¡that¡¡as¡¡every¡¡saving¡¡in¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of

erecting¡¡and¡¡supporting¡¡those¡¡machines£»¡¡which¡¡does¡¡not¡¡diminish

the¡¡productive¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡la

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ