±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > wealbk02 >

µÚ21ÕÂ

wealbk02-µÚ21ÕÂ

С˵£º wealbk02 ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



full¡¡value¡¡of¡¡their¡¡consumption¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡money¡¡would

in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡equally¡¡have¡¡remained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡there

would¡¡besides¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡reproduction¡¡of¡¡an¡¡equal¡¡value¡¡of

consumable¡¡goods¡£¡¡There¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡two¡¡values¡¡instead¡¡of

one¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡same¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡money£»¡¡besides£»¡¡cannot¡¡long¡¡remain¡¡in

any¡¡country¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡annual¡¡produce¡¡diminishes¡£

The¡¡sole¡¡use¡¡of¡¡money¡¡is¡¡to¡¡circulate¡¡consumable¡¡goods¡£¡¡By¡¡means

of¡¡it£»¡¡provisions£»¡¡materials£»¡¡and¡¡finished¡¡work£»¡¡are¡¡bought¡¡and

sold£»¡¡and¡¡distributed¡¡to¡¡their¡¡proper¡¡consumers¡£¡¡The¡¡quantity¡¡of

money£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡annually¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡any¡¡country

must¡¡be¡¡determined¡¡by¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡consumable¡¡goods¡¡annually

circulated¡¡within¡¡it¡£¡¡These¡¡must¡¡consist¡¡either¡¡in¡¡the¡¡immediate

produce¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land¡¡and¡¡labour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡itself£»¡¡or¡¡in

something¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been£»¡¡purchased¡¡with¡¡some¡¡part¡¡of¡¡that

produce¡£¡¡Their¡¡value£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡must¡¡diminish¡¡as¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of

that¡¡produce¡¡diminishes£»¡¡and¡¡along¡¡with¡¡it¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡money

which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡circulating¡¡them¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡money¡¡which¡¡by

this¡¡annual¡¡diminution¡¡of¡¡produce¡¡is¡¡annually¡¡thrown¡¡out¡¡of

domestic¡¡circulation¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡lie¡¡idle¡£¡¡The

interest¡¡of¡¡whoever¡¡possesses¡¡it¡¡requires¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be

employed¡£¡¡But¡¡having¡¡no¡¡employment¡¡at¡¡home£»¡¡it¡¡will£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of

all¡¡laws¡¡and¡¡prohibitions£»¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡abroad£»¡¡and¡¡employed¡¡in

purchasing¡¡consumable¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡of¡¡some¡¡use¡¡at¡¡home¡£¡¡Its

annual¡¡exportation¡¡will¡¡in¡¡this¡¡manner¡¡continue¡¡for¡¡some¡¡time¡¡to

add¡¡something¡¡to¡¡the¡¡annual¡¡consumption¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡beyond¡¡the

value¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡annual¡¡produce¡£¡¡What¡¡in¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡its

prosperity¡¡had¡¡been¡¡saved¡¡from¡¡that¡¡annual¡¡produce£»¡¡and¡¡employed

in¡¡purchasing¡¡gold¡¡and¡¡silver£»¡¡will¡¡contribute¡¡for¡¡some¡¡little

time¡¡to¡¡support¡¡its¡¡consumption¡¡in¡¡adversity¡£¡¡The¡¡exportation¡¡of

gold¡¡and¡¡silver¡¡is£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡not¡¡the¡¡cause£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡effect

of¡¡its¡¡declension£»¡¡and¡¡may¡¡even£»¡¡for¡¡some¡¡little¡¡time£»¡¡alleviate

the¡¡misery¡¡of¡¡that¡¡declension¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡money£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡must¡¡in¡¡every

country¡¡naturally¡¡increase¡¡as¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡annual¡¡produce

increases¡£¡¡The¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡consumable¡¡goods¡¡annually¡¡circulated

within¡¡the¡¡society¡¡being¡¡greater¡¡will¡¡require¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡quantity

of¡¡money¡¡to¡¡circulate¡¡them¡£¡¡A¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡increased¡¡produce£»

therefore£»¡¡will¡¡naturally¡¡be¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡purchasing£»¡¡wherever¡¡it

is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡had£»¡¡the¡¡additional¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡gold¡¡and¡¡silver

necessary¡¡for¡¡circulating¡¡the¡¡rest¡£¡¡The¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡those¡¡metals

will¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡be¡¡the¡¡effect£»¡¡not¡¡the¡¡cause£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public

prosperity¡£¡¡Gold¡¡and¡¡silver¡¡are¡¡purchased¡¡everywhere¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same

manner¡£¡¡The¡¡food£»¡¡clothing£»¡¡and¡¡lodging£»¡¡the¡¡revenue¡¡and

maintenance¡¡of¡¡all¡¡those¡¡whose¡¡labour¡¡or¡¡stock¡¡is¡¡employed¡¡in

bringing¡¡them¡¡from¡¡the¡¡mine¡¡to¡¡the¡¡market£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡price¡¡paid¡¡for

them¡¡in¡¡Peru¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡in¡¡England¡£¡¡The¡¡country¡¡which¡¡has¡¡this

price¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡will¡¡never¡¡be¡¡long¡¡without¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡those

metals¡¡which¡¡it¡¡has¡¡occasion¡¡for£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡country¡¡will¡¡ever¡¡long

retain¡¡a¡¡quantity¡¡which¡¡it¡¡has¡¡no¡¡occasion¡¡for¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Whatever£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡we¡¡may¡¡imagine¡¡the¡¡real¡¡wealth¡¡and

revenue¡¡of¡¡a¡¡country¡¡to¡¡consist¡¡in£»¡¡whether¡¡in¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the

annual¡¡produce¡¡of¡¡its¡¡land¡¡and¡¡labour£»¡¡as¡¡plain¡¡reason¡¡seems¡¡to

dictate£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡precious¡¡metals¡¡which

circulate¡¡within¡¡it£»¡¡as¡¡vulgar¡¡prejudices¡¡suppose£»¡¡in¡¡either¡¡view

of¡¡the¡¡matter£»¡¡every¡¡prodigal¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡public¡¡enemy£»¡¡and

every¡¡frugal¡¡man¡¡a¡¡public¡¡benefactor¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡misconduct¡¡are¡¡often¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡those¡¡of

prodigality¡£¡¡Every¡¡injudicious¡¡and¡¡unsuccessful¡¡project¡¡in

agriculture£»¡¡mines£»¡¡fisheries£»¡¡trade£»¡¡or¡¡manufactures£»¡¡tends¡¡in

the¡¡same¡¡manner¡¡to¡¡diminish¡¡the¡¡funds¡¡destined¡¡for¡¡the

maintenance¡¡of¡¡productive¡¡labour¡£¡¡In¡¡every¡¡such¡¡project£»¡¡though

the¡¡capital¡¡is¡¡consumed¡¡by¡¡productive¡¡hands¡¡only£»¡¡yet£»¡¡as¡¡by¡¡the

injudicious¡¡manner¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡are¡¡employed¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not

reproduce¡¡the¡¡full¡¡value¡¡of¡¡their¡¡consumption£»¡¡there¡¡must¡¡always

be¡¡some¡¡diminution¡¡in¡¡what¡¡would¡¡otherwise¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the

productive¡¡funds¡¡of¡¡the¡¡society¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡can¡¡seldom¡¡happen£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡circumstances¡¡of¡¡a

great¡¡nation¡¡can¡¡be¡¡much¡¡affected¡¡either¡¡by¡¡the¡¡prodigality¡¡or

misconduct¡¡of¡¡individuals£»¡¡the¡¡profusion¡¡or¡¡imprudence¡¡of¡¡some

being¡¡always¡¡more¡¡than¡¡compensated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡frugality¡¡and¡¡good

conduct¡¡of¡¡others¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡profusion£»¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡which¡¡prompts¡¡to

expense¡¡is¡¡the¡¡passion¡¡for¡¡present¡¡enjoyment£»¡¡which£»¡¡though

sometimes¡¡violent¡¡and¡¡very¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡be¡¡restrained£»¡¡is¡¡in

general¡¡only¡¡momentary¡¡and¡¡occasional¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡which

prompts¡¡to¡¡save¡¡is¡¡the¡¡desire¡¡of¡¡bettering¡¡our¡¡condition£»¡¡a

desire¡¡which£»¡¡though¡¡generally¡¡calm¡¡and¡¡dispassionate£»¡¡comes¡¡with

us¡¡from¡¡the¡¡womb£»¡¡and¡¡never¡¡leaves¡¡us¡¡till¡¡we¡¡go¡¡into¡¡the¡¡grave¡£

In¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡interval¡¡which¡¡separates¡¡those¡¡two¡¡moments£»¡¡there¡¡is

scarce¡¡perhaps¡¡a¡¡single¡¡instant¡¡in¡¡which¡¡any¡¡man¡¡is¡¡so¡¡perfectly

and¡¡completely¡¡satisfied¡¡with¡¡his¡¡situation¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡without¡¡any

wish¡¡of¡¡alteration¡¡or¡¡improvement¡¡of¡¡any¡¡kind¡£¡¡An¡¡augmentation¡¡of

fortune¡¡is¡¡the¡¡means¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡men¡¡propose¡¡and

wish¡¡to¡¡better¡¡their¡¡condition¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡means¡¡the¡¡most¡¡vulgar

and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡obvious£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡likely¡¡way¡¡of¡¡augmenting¡¡their

fortune¡¡is¡¡to¡¡save¡¡and¡¡accumulate¡¡some¡¡part¡¡of¡¡what¡¡they¡¡acquire£»

either¡¡regularly¡¡and¡¡annually£»¡¡or¡¡upon¡¡some¡¡extraordinary

occasions¡£¡¡Though¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡expense£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡prevails

in¡¡almost¡¡all¡¡men¡¡upon¡¡some¡¡occasions£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡some¡¡men¡¡upon

almost¡¡all¡¡occasions£»¡¡yet¡¡in¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡taking¡¡the

whole¡¡course¡¡of¡¡their¡¡life¡¡at¡¡an¡¡average£»¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of

frugality¡¡seems¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡predominate£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡predominate¡¡very

greatly¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡misconduct£»¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡prudent¡¡and

successful¡¡undertakings¡¡is¡¡everywhere¡¡much¡¡greater¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of

injudicious¡¡and¡¡unsuccessful¡¡ones¡£¡¡After¡¡all¡¡our¡¡complaints¡¡of

the¡¡frequency¡¡of¡¡bankruptcies£»¡¡the¡¡unhappy¡¡men¡¡who¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡this

misfortune¡¡make¡¡but¡¡a¡¡very¡¡small¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡number¡¡engaged

in¡¡trade£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡other¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡business£»¡¡not¡¡much¡¡more¡¡perhaps

than¡¡one¡¡in¡¡a¡¡thousand¡£¡¡Bankruptcy¡¡is¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡and

most¡¡humiliating¡¡calamity¡¡which¡¡can¡¡befall¡¡an¡¡innocent¡¡man¡£¡¡The

greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡are¡¡sufficiently¡¡careful¡¡to¡¡avoid

it¡£¡¡Some£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡do¡¡not¡¡avoid¡¡it£»¡¡as¡¡some¡¡do¡¡not¡¡avoid¡¡the

gallows¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Great¡¡nations¡¡are¡¡never¡¡impoverished¡¡by¡¡private£»¡¡though¡¡they

sometimes¡¡are¡¡by¡¡public¡¡prodigality¡¡and¡¡misconduct¡£¡¡The¡¡whole£»¡¡or

almost¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡public¡¡revenue£»¡¡is¡¡in¡¡most¡¡countries¡¡employed¡¡in

maintaining¡¡unproductive¡¡hands¡£¡¡Such¡¡are¡¡the¡¡people¡¡who¡¡compose¡¡a

numerous¡¡and¡¡splendid¡¡court£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡ecclesiastical

establishment£»¡¡great¡¡fleets¡¡and¡¡armies£»¡¡who¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of¡¡peace

produce¡¡nothing£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of¡¡war¡¡acquire¡¡nothing¡¡which¡¡can

compensate¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡maintaining¡¡them£»¡¡even¡¡while¡¡the¡¡war

lasts¡£¡¡Such¡¡people£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡themselves¡¡produce¡¡nothing£»¡¡are¡¡all

maintained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡produce¡¡of¡¡other¡¡men's¡¡labour¡£¡¡When¡¡multiplied£»

therefore£»¡¡to¡¡an¡¡unnecessary¡¡number£»¡¡they¡¡may¡¡in¡¡a¡¡particular

year¡¡consume¡¡so¡¡great¡¡a¡¡share¡¡of¡¡this¡¡produce£»¡¡as¡¡not¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡a

sufficiency¡¡for¡¡maintaining¡¡the¡¡productive¡¡labourers£»¡¡who¡¡should

reproduce¡¡it¡¡next¡¡year¡£¡¡The¡¡next¡¡year's¡¡produce£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡will

be¡¡less¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡foregoing£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡the¡¡same¡¡disorder

should¡¡continue£»¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡third¡¡year¡¡will¡¡be¡¡still¡¡less¡¡than

that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡second¡£¡¡Those¡¡unproductive¡¡hands£»¡¡who¡¡should¡¡be

maintained¡¡by¡¡a¡¡part¡¡only¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spare¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡may

consume¡¡so¡¡great¡¡a¡¡share¡¡of¡¡their¡¡whole¡¡revenue£»¡¡and¡¡thereby

oblige¡¡so¡¡great¡¡a¡¡number¡¡to¡¡encroach¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡capitals£»¡¡upon

the¡¡funds¡¡destined¡¡for¡¡the¡¡maintenance¡¡of¡¡productive¡¡labour£»¡¡that

all¡¡the¡¡frugality¡¡and¡¡good¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡individuals¡¡may¡¡not¡¡be¡¡able

to¡¡compensate¡¡the¡¡waste¡¡and¡¡degradation¡¡of¡¡produce¡¡occasioned¡¡by

this¡¡violent¡¡and¡¡forced¡¡encroachment¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡frugality¡¡and¡¡good¡¡conduct£»¡¡however£»¡¡is¡¡upon¡¡most

occasions£»¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡from¡¡experience£»¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡compensate£»

not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡private¡¡prodigality¡¡and¡¡misconduct¡¡of¡¡individuals£»

but¡¡the¡¡public¡¡extravagance¡¡of¡¡government¡£¡¡The¡¡uni

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ