±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the hispanic nations of the new world >

µÚ29ÕÂ

the hispanic nations of the new world-µÚ29ÕÂ

С˵£º the hispanic nations of the new world ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



revenues¡¡from¡¡the¡¡customs¡£¡¡Furthermore¡¡Castro's¡¡regulations¡¡exacting¡¡military¡¡service¡¡of¡¡all¡¡males¡¡between¡¡fourteen¡¡and¡¡sixty¡¡years¡¡of¡¡age¡¡had¡¡filled¡¡the¡¡prisons¡¡to¡¡overflowing¡£¡¡Many¡¡foreigners¡¡who¡¡had¡¡suffered¡¡in¡¡consequence¡¡resorted¡¡to¡¡measures¡¡of¡¡self¡­defenseamong¡¡them¡¡representatives¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡American¡¡and¡¡British¡¡asphalt¡¡companies¡¡which¡¡were¡¡working¡¡concessions¡¡granted¡¡by¡¡Castro's¡¡predecessors¡£¡¡Though¡¡familiar¡¡with¡¡what¡¡commonly¡¡happens¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡handle¡¡pitch£»¡¡they¡¡had¡¡not¡¡scrupled¡¡to¡¡aid¡¡some¡¡of¡¡Castro's¡¡enemies¡£¡¡Castro¡¡forthwith¡¡imposed¡¡on¡¡them¡¡enormous¡¡fines¡¡which¡¡amounted¡¡practically¡¡to¡¡a¡¡confiscation¡¡of¡¡their¡¡rights¡£

While¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡and¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡were¡¡expostulating¡¡over¡¡this¡¡behavior¡¡of¡¡the¡¡despot£»¡¡France¡¡broke¡¡off¡¡diplomatic¡¡relations¡¡with¡¡Venezuela¡¡because¡¡of¡¡Castro's¡¡refusal¡¡either¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡or¡¡to¡¡submit¡¡to¡¡arbitration¡¡certain¡¡claims¡¡which¡¡had¡¡originated¡¡in¡¡previous¡¡revolutions¡£¡¡Germany£»¡¡aggrieved¡¡in¡¡similar¡¡fashion£»¡¡contemplated¡¡a¡¡seizure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡customs¡¡until¡¡its¡¡demands¡¡for¡¡redress¡¡were¡¡satisfied¡£¡¡And¡¡then¡¡came¡¡Italy¡¡with¡¡like¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡complaint¡£¡¡As¡¡if¡¡these¡¡complications¡¡were¡¡not¡¡sufficient£»¡¡Venezuela¡¡came¡¡to¡¡blows¡¡with¡¡Colombia¡£

As¡¡the¡¡foreign¡¡pressure¡¡on¡¡Castro¡¡steadily¡¡increased£»¡¡Luis¡¡Maria¡¡Drago£»¡¡the¡¡Argentine¡¡Minister¡¡of¡¡Foreign¡¡Affairs£»¡¡formulated¡¡in¡¡1902¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡with¡¡which¡¡his¡¡name¡¡has¡¡been¡¡associated¡£¡¡It¡¡stated¡¡in¡¡substance¡¡that¡¡force¡¡should¡¡never¡¡be¡¡employed¡¡between¡¡nations¡¡for¡¡the¡¡collection¡¡of¡¡contractual¡¡debts¡£¡¡Encouraged¡¡by¡¡this¡¡apparent¡¡token¡¡of¡¡support¡¡from¡¡a¡¡sister¡¡republic£»¡¡Castro¡¡defied¡¡his¡¡array¡¡of¡¡foreign¡¡adversaries¡¡more¡¡vigorously¡¡than¡¡ever£»¡¡declaring¡¡that¡¡he¡¡might¡¡find¡¡it¡¡needful¡¡to¡¡invade¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡New¡¡Orleans£»¡¡to¡¡teach¡¡it¡¡the¡¡lesson¡¡it¡¡deserved£¡¡¡But¡¡when¡¡he¡¡attempted£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡year£»¡¡to¡¡close¡¡the¡¡ports¡¡of¡¡Venezuela¡¡as¡¡a¡¡means¡¡of¡¡bringing¡¡his¡¡native¡¡antagonists¡¡to¡¡terms£»¡¡Great¡¡Britain£»¡¡Germany£»¡¡and¡¡Italy¡¡seized¡¡his¡¡warships£»¡¡blockaded¡¡the¡¡coast£»¡¡and¡¡bombarded¡¡some¡¡of¡¡his¡¡forts¡£¡¡Thereupon¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡interposed¡¡with¡¡a¡¡suggestion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡dispute¡¡be¡¡laid¡¡before¡¡the¡¡Hague¡¡Tribunal¡£¡¡Although¡¡Castro¡¡yielded£»¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡fail¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡clause¡¡inserted¡¡in¡¡a¡¡new¡¡¡¨constitution¡¨¡¡requiring¡¡foreigners¡¡who¡¡might¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡enter¡¡the¡¡republic¡¡to¡¡show¡¡certificates¡¡of¡¡good¡¡character¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Governments¡¡of¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡countries¡£

These¡¡incidents¡¡gave¡¡much¡¡food¡¡for¡¡thought¡¡to¡¡Castro¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡to¡¡his¡¡soberer¡¡compatriots¡£¡¡The¡¡European¡¡powers¡¡had¡¡displayed¡¡an¡¡apparent¡¡willingness¡¡to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡chose¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so£»¡¡assume¡¡the¡¡role¡¡of¡¡a¡¡New¡¡World¡¡policeman¡¡and¡¡financial¡¡guarantor¡£¡¡Were¡¡it¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡these¡¡duties£»¡¡backward¡¡republics¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Caribbean¡¡and¡¡its¡¡vicinity¡¡were¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡have¡¡their¡¡affairs£»¡¡internal¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡external£»¡¡supervised¡¡by¡¡the¡¡big¡¡nation¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡ward¡¡off¡¡European¡¡intervention¡£¡¡At¡¡this¡¡moment£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡was¡¡intervening¡¡in¡¡Panama¡£¡¡The¡¡prospect¡¡aroused¡¡in¡¡many¡¡Hispanic¡¡countries¡¡the¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡a¡¡¡¨Yankee¡¡peril¡¨¡¡greater¡¡even¡¡than¡¡that¡¡emanating¡¡from¡¡Europe¡£¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡being¡¡a¡¡kindly¡¡and¡¡disinterested¡¡protector¡¡of¡¡small¡¡neighbors£»¡¡the¡¡¡¨Colossus¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡¨¡¡appeared¡¡rather¡¡to¡¡resemble¡¡a¡¡political¡¡and¡¡commercial¡¡ogre¡¡bent¡¡upon¡¡swallowing¡¡them¡¡to¡¡satisfy¡¡¡¨manifest¡¡destiny¡£¡¨

Having¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡putting¡¡around¡¡his¡¡head¡¡an¡¡aureole¡¡of¡¡local¡¡popularity£»¡¡Castro¡¡in¡¡1905¡¡picked¡¡a¡¡new¡¡set¡¡of¡¡partially¡¡justified¡¡quarrels¡¡with¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡Great¡¡Britain£»¡¡France£»¡¡Italy£»¡¡Colombia£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Netherlands£»¡¡arising¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡depredations¡¡of¡¡revolutionists£»¡¡but¡¡an¡¡armed¡¡menace¡¡from¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡induced¡¡him¡¡to¡¡desist¡¡from¡¡his¡¡plans¡£¡¡He¡¡contented¡¡himself¡¡accordingly¡¡with¡¡issuing¡¡a¡¡decree¡¡of¡¡amnesty¡¡for¡¡all¡¡political¡¡offenders¡¡except¡¡the¡¡leaders¡£¡¡When¡¡¡¨reelected£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡carried¡¡his¡¡magnanimity¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡to¡¡resign¡¡awhile¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Vice¡¡President£»¡¡stating¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡his¡¡retirement¡¡were¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡concord£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡make¡¡it¡¡permanent¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡he¡¡saw¡¡to¡¡it¡¡that¡¡his¡¡temporary¡¡withdrawal¡¡should¡¡not¡¡have¡¡this¡¡happy¡¡result£»¡¡he¡¡came¡¡back¡¡again¡¡to¡¡his¡¡firmer¡¡position¡¡a¡¡few¡¡months¡¡later¡£

Venting¡¡his¡¡wrath¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Netherlands¡¡because¡¡its¡¡minister¡¡had¡¡reported¡¡to¡¡his¡¡Government¡¡an¡¡outbreak¡¡of¡¡cholera¡¡at¡¡La¡¡Guaira£»¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡seaport¡¡of¡¡Venezuela£»¡¡the¡¡dictator¡¡laid¡¡an¡¡embargo¡¡on¡¡Dutch¡¡commerce£»¡¡seized¡¡its¡¡ships£»¡¡and¡¡denounced¡¡the¡¡Dutch¡¡for¡¡their¡¡alleged¡¡failure¡¡to¡¡check¡¡filibustering¡¡from¡¡their¡¡islands¡¡off¡¡the¡¡coast¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡minister¡¡protested£»¡¡Castro¡¡expelled¡¡him¡£¡¡Thereupon¡¡the¡¡Netherlands¡¡instituted¡¡a¡¡blockade¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Venezuelan¡¡ports¡£¡¡What¡¡might¡¡have¡¡happened¡¡if¡¡Castro¡¡had¡¡remained¡¡much¡¡longer¡¡in¡¡charge£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡guessed¡£¡¡Toward¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡1908£»¡¡however£»¡¡he¡¡departed¡¡for¡¡Europe¡¡to¡¡undergo¡¡a¡¡course¡¡of¡¡medical¡¡treatment¡£¡¡Hardly¡¡had¡¡he¡¡left¡¡Venezuelan¡¡shores¡¡when¡¡Juan¡¡Vicente¡¡Gomez£»¡¡the¡¡able£»¡¡astute£»¡¡and¡¡vigorous¡¡Vice¡¡President£»¡¡managed¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡his¡¡own¡¡election¡¡to¡¡the¡¡presidency¡¡and¡¡an¡¡immediate¡¡recognition¡¡from¡¡foreign¡¡states¡£¡¡Under¡¡his¡¡direction¡¡all¡¡of¡¡the¡¡international¡¡tangles¡¡of¡¡Venezuela¡¡were¡¡straightened¡¡out¡£

In¡¡1914¡¡the¡¡country¡¡adopted¡¡its¡¡eleventh¡¡constitution¡¡and¡¡thereby¡¡lengthened¡¡the¡¡presidential¡¡term¡¡to¡¡seven¡¡years£»¡¡shortened¡¡that¡¡of¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡house¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Congress¡¡to¡¡four£»¡¡determined¡¡definitely¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡States¡¡in¡¡the¡¡union£»¡¡altered¡¡the¡¡apportionment¡¡of¡¡their¡¡congressional¡¡representation£»¡¡and¡¡enlarged¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡federal¡¡Governmentor£»¡¡rather£»¡¡those¡¡of¡¡its¡¡executive¡¡branch£¡¡¡In¡¡1914¡¡Gomez¡¡resigned¡¡office¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Vice¡¡President£»¡¡and¡¡secured¡¡an¡¡appointment¡¡instead¡¡as¡¡commander¡¡in¡¡chief¡¡of¡¡the¡¡army¡£¡¡This¡¡procedure¡¡was¡¡promptly¡¡denounced¡¡as¡¡a¡¡trick¡¡to¡¡evade¡¡the¡¡constitutional¡¡prohibition¡¡of¡¡two¡¡consecutive¡¡terms¡£¡¡A¡¡year¡¡later¡¡he¡¡was¡¡unanimously¡¡elected¡¡President£»¡¡though¡¡he¡¡never¡¡formally¡¡took¡¡the¡¡oath¡¡of¡¡office¡£

Whatever¡¡may¡¡be¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡the¡¡political¡¡ways¡¡and¡¡means¡¡of¡¡this¡¡new¡¡Guzmin¡¡Blanco¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡himself¡¡as¡¡a¡¡power¡¡behind¡¡or¡¡on¡¡the¡¡presidential¡¡throne£»¡¡Gomez¡¡gave¡¡Venezuela¡¡an¡¡administration¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡very¡¡different¡¡from¡¡that¡¡of¡¡his¡¡immediate¡¡predecessor¡£¡¡He¡¡suppressed¡¡various¡¡government¡¡monopolies£»¡¡removed¡¡other¡¡obstacles¡¡to¡¡the¡¡material¡¡advancement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡reduced¡¡the¡¡national¡¡debt¡£¡¡He¡¡did¡¡much¡¡also¡¡to¡¡improve¡¡the¡¡sanitary¡¡conditions¡¡at¡¡La¡¡Guaira£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡promoted¡¡education£»¡¡especially¡¡the¡¡teaching¡¡of¡¡foreign¡¡languages¡£

Gomez¡¡nevertheless¡¡had¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡a¡¡watchful¡¡eye¡¡on¡¡the¡¡partisans¡¡of¡¡Castro£»¡¡who¡¡broke¡¡out¡¡in¡¡revolt¡¡whenever¡¡they¡¡had¡¡an¡¡opportunity¡£¡¡The¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡Great¡¡Britain£»¡¡France£»¡¡the¡¡Netherlands£»¡¡Denmark£»¡¡Cuba£»¡¡and¡¡Colombia¡¡eyed¡¡the¡¡movements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ex¡­dictator¡¡nervously£»¡¡as¡¡European¡¡powers¡¡long¡¡ago¡¡were¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡do¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡Man¡¡of¡¡Destiny£»¡¡and¡¡barred¡¡him¡¡out¡¡of¡¡both¡¡their¡¡possessions¡¡and¡¡Venezuela¡¡itself¡£¡¡International¡¡patience£»¡¡never¡¡Job¡­like£»¡¡had¡¡been¡¡too¡¡sorely¡¡vexed¡¡to¡¡permit¡¡his¡¡return¡£¡¡Nevertheless£»¡¡after¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡persecutor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Biblical¡¡martyr£»¡¡Castro¡¡did¡¡not¡¡refrain¡¡from¡¡going¡¡to¡¡and¡¡fro¡¡in¡¡the¡¡earth¡£¡¡In¡¡fact¡¡he¡¡still¡¡¡¨walketh¡¡about¡¨¡¡seeking¡¡to¡¡recover¡¡his¡¡hold¡¡upon¡¡Venezuela£¡



CHAPTER¡¡X¡£¡¡MEXICO¡¡IN¡¡REVOLUTION

When£»¡¡in¡¡1910£»¡¡like¡¡several¡¡of¡¡its¡¡sister¡¡republics£»¡¡Mexico¡¡celebrated¡¡the¡¡centennial¡¡anniversary¡¡of¡¡its¡¡independence£»¡¡the¡¡era¡¡of¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡progress¡¡inaugurated¡¡by¡¡Porfirio¡¡Diaz¡¡seemed¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡last¡¡indefinitely£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡was¡¡entering¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡eighth¡¡term¡¡as¡¡President¡£¡¡Brilliant¡¡as¡¡his¡¡career¡¡had¡¡been£»¡¡however£»¡¡and¡¡greatly¡¡as¡¡Mexico¡¡had¡¡prospered¡¡under¡¡his¡¡rigid¡¡rule£»¡¡a¡¡sullen¡¡discontent¡¡had¡¡been¡¡brewing¡£¡¡The¡¡country¡¡that¡¡had¡¡had¡¡but¡¡one¡¡continuous¡¡President¡¡in¡¡twenty¡­six¡¡years¡¡was¡¡destined¡¡to¡¡have¡¡some¡¡fourteen¡¡chief¡¡magistrates¡¡in¡¡less¡¡than¡¡a¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡surpass¡¡all¡¡its¡¡previous¡¡records¡¡for¡¡rapidity¡¡in¡¡presidential¡¡succession£»¡¡by¡¡having¡¡one¡¡executive¡¡who¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡held¡¡office¡¡for¡¡precisely¡¡fifty¡­six¡¡minutes£¡

It¡¡has¡¡often¡¡been¡¡asserted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡for¡¡the¡¡downfall¡¡of¡¡Diaz¡¡and¡¡the¡¡lapse¡¡of¡¡Mexico¡¡into¡¡the¡¡unhappy¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡a¡¡half¡¡century¡¡earlier¡¡was¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡grown¡¡too¡¡old¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡a¡¡firm¡¡grip¡¡on¡¡the¡¡situation¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡also¡¡been¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡his¡¡insistence¡¡upon¡¡reelection¡¡and¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡elevation¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡personal¡¡candidate¡¡to¡¡the¡¡vice¡¡presidency£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡successor¡¡in¡¡case¡¡of¡¡his¡¡retirement£»¡¡occasioned¡¡his¡¡overthrow¡£¡¡The¡¡truth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡is¡¡that¡¡these

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ