±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the hispanic nations of the new world >

µÚ21ÕÂ

the hispanic nations of the new world-µÚ21ÕÂ

С˵£º the hispanic nations of the new world ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



uence£»¡¡this¡¡indebtedness¡¡was¡¡a¡¡useful¡¡club¡¡to¡¡brandish¡¡over¡¡powerless¡¡Paraguay¡¡whenever¡¡that¡¡little¡¡country¡¡might¡¡venture¡¡to¡¡question¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡either¡¡of¡¡its¡¡big¡¡neighbors¡¡to¡¡break¡¡the¡¡promise¡¡they¡¡had¡¡made¡¡of¡¡keeping¡¡its¡¡territory¡¡intact¡£¡¡Argentina£»¡¡however£»¡¡consented¡¡in¡¡1878¡¡to¡¡refer¡¡certain¡¡claims¡¡to¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡When¡¡Paraguay¡¡won¡¡the¡¡arbitration£»¡¡it¡¡showed¡¡its¡¡gratitude¡¡by¡¡naming¡¡one¡¡of¡¡its¡¡localities¡¡Villa¡¡Hayes¡£¡¡As¡¡time¡¡went¡¡on£»¡¡however£»¡¡its¡¡population¡¡increased¡¡and¡¡hid¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡scars¡¡of¡¡war¡£

On¡¡the¡¡western¡¡side¡¡of¡¡South¡¡America¡¡there¡¡broke¡¡out¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡¡¨War¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Pacific¡¨¡¡between¡¡Chile£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡side£»¡¡and¡¡Peru¡¡and¡¡Bolivia¡¡as¡¡allies¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡In¡¡Peru¡¡unstable¡¡and¡¡corrupt¡¡governments¡¡had¡¡contracted¡¡foreign¡¡loans¡¡under¡¡conditions¡¡that¡¡made¡¡their¡¡repayment¡¡almost¡¡impossible¡¡and¡¡had¡¡spent¡¡the¡¡proceeds¡¡in¡¡so¡¡reckless¡¡and¡¡extravagant¡¡a¡¡fashion¡¡as¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡the¡¡country¡¡to¡¡the¡¡verge¡¡of¡¡bankruptcy¡£¡¡Bolivia£»¡¡similarly¡¡governed£»¡¡was¡¡still¡¡the¡¡scene¡¡of¡¡the¡¡orgies¡¡and¡¡carnivals¡¡which¡¡had¡¡for¡¡some¡¡time¡¡characterized¡¡its¡¡unfortunate¡¡history¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡its¡¡buffoon¡¡¡¨presidents£»¡¨¡¡moreover£»¡¡had¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡boundary¡¡agreements¡¡with¡¡both¡¡Chile¡¡and¡¡Brazil£»¡¡under¡¡which¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡lost¡¡several¡¡important¡¡areas¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡its¡¡territory¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Pacific¡£¡¡The¡¡boundaries¡¡of¡¡Bolivia£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡were¡¡run¡¡almost¡¡everywhere¡¡on¡¡purely¡¡arbitrary¡¡lines¡¡drawn¡¡with¡¡scant¡¡regard¡¡for¡¡the¡¡physical¡¡features¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡and¡¡with¡¡many¡¡a¡¡frontier¡¡question¡¡left¡¡wholly¡¡unsettled¡£¡¡For¡¡some¡¡years¡¡Chilean¡¡companies¡¡and¡¡speculators£»¡¡aided¡¡by¡¡foreign¡¡capital¡¡mainly¡¡British¡¡in¡¡origin£»¡¡had¡¡been¡¡working¡¡deposits¡¡of¡¡nitrate¡¡of¡¡soda¡¡in¡¡the¡¡province¡¡of¡¡Antofagasta£»¡¡or¡¡¡¨the¡¡desert¡¡of¡¡Atacama£»¡¨¡¡a¡¡region¡¡along¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡to¡¡the¡¡northward¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡Bolivia£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡in¡¡the¡¡provinces¡¡of¡¡Tacna£»¡¡Arica£»¡¡and¡¡Tarapaca£»¡¡still¡¡farther¡¡to¡¡the¡¡northward£»¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡Peru¡£¡¡Because¡¡boundary¡¡lines¡¡were¡¡not¡¡altogether¡¡clear¡¡and¡¡because¡¡the¡¡three¡¡countries¡¡were¡¡all¡¡eager¡¡to¡¡exploit¡¡these¡¡deposits£»¡¡controversies¡¡over¡¡this¡¡debatable¡¡ground¡¡were¡¡sure¡¡to¡¡rise¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡privilege¡¡of¡¡developing¡¡portions¡¡of¡¡this¡¡region£»¡¡individuals¡¡and¡¡companies¡¡had¡¡obtained¡¡concessions¡¡from¡¡the¡¡various¡¡governments¡¡concerned£»¡¡elsewhere£»¡¡industrial¡¡free¡¡lances¡¡dug¡¡away¡¡without¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡such¡¡formalities¡£

It¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡likely¡¡that¡¡Chile£»¡¡whose¡¡motto¡¡was¡¡¡¨By¡¡Right¡¡or¡¡by¡¡Might£»¡¨¡¡was¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡the¡¡claims¡¡of¡¡its¡¡citizens¡¡by¡¡either¡¡alternative¡£¡¡At¡¡all¡¡events£»¡¡scenting¡¡a¡¡prospective¡¡conflict£»¡¡Chile¡¡had¡¡devoted¡¡much¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡its¡¡naval¡¡and¡¡military¡¡establishmenta¡¡state¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡which¡¡did¡¡not¡¡escape¡¡the¡¡observation¡¡of¡¡its¡¡suspicious¡¡neighbors¡£

The¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡Peru¡¡was¡¡determined¡¡partly¡¡by¡¡personal¡¡motives¡¡and¡¡partly¡¡by¡¡reasons¡¡of¡¡state¡£¡¡In¡¡1873¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡lacking¡¡sufficient¡¡financial¡¡and¡¡political¡¡support¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡office£»¡¡resolved¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡risky¡¡expedient¡¡of¡¡arousing¡¡popular¡¡passion¡¡against¡¡Chile£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡that¡¡he¡¡might¡¡thereby¡¡replenish¡¡the¡¡national¡¡treasury¡£¡¡Accordingly¡¡he¡¡proceeded¡¡to¡¡pick¡¡a¡¡quarrel¡¡by¡¡ordering¡¡the¡¡deposits¡¡in¡¡Tarapaca¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expropriated¡¡with¡¡scant¡¡respect¡¡for¡¡the¡¡concessions¡¡made¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Chilean¡¡miners¡£¡¡Realizing£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡possible¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡such¡¡an¡¡action£»¡¡he¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡an¡¡alliance¡¡with¡¡Bolivia¡£¡¡This¡¡country¡¡thereupon¡¡proceeded¡¡to¡¡levy¡¡an¡¡increased¡¡duty¡¡on¡¡the¡¡exportation¡¡of¡¡nitrates¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Atacama¡¡region¡£¡¡Chile£»¡¡already¡¡aware¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hostile¡¡combination¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡formed£»¡¡protested¡¡so¡¡vigorously¡¡that¡¡a¡¡year¡¡later¡¡Bolivia¡¡agreed¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡¡the¡¡new¡¡regulations¡¡and¡¡to¡¡submit¡¡the¡¡dispute¡¡to¡¡arbitration¡£

Such¡¡were¡¡the¡¡relations¡¡of¡¡these¡¡three¡¡states¡¡in¡¡1878£»¡¡when¡¡Bolivia£»¡¡taking¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡differences¡¡of¡¡opinion¡¡between¡¡Chile¡¡and¡¡Argentina¡¡regarding¡¡the¡¡Patagonian¡¡region£»¡¡reimposed¡¡its¡¡export¡¡duty£»¡¡canceled¡¡the¡¡Chilean¡¡concessions£»¡¡and¡¡confiscated¡¡the¡¡nitrate¡¡deposits¡£¡¡Chile¡¡then¡¡declared¡¡war¡¡in¡¡February£»¡¡1879£»¡¡and¡¡within¡¡two¡¡months¡¡occupied¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Bolivia¡¡up¡¡to¡¡the¡¡frontiers¡¡of¡¡Peru¡£¡¡On¡¡his¡¡part¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡Bolivia¡¡was¡¡too¡¡much¡¡engrossed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡festivities¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡a¡¡masquerade¡¡to¡¡bother¡¡about¡¡notifying¡¡the¡¡people¡¡that¡¡their¡¡land¡¡had¡¡been¡¡invaded¡¡until¡¡several¡¡days¡¡after¡¡the¡¡event¡¡had¡¡occurred£¡

Misfortunes¡¡far¡¡worse¡¡than¡¡anything¡¡which¡¡had¡¡fallen¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lot¡¡of¡¡its¡¡ally¡¡now¡¡awaited¡¡Peru£»¡¡which¡¡first¡¡attempted¡¡an¡¡officious¡¡mediation¡¡and¡¡then¡¡declared¡¡war¡¡on¡¡the¡¡4th¡¡of¡¡April¡£¡¡Since¡¡Peru¡¡and¡¡Bolivia¡¡together¡¡had¡¡a¡¡population¡¡double¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Chile£»¡¡and¡¡since¡¡Peru¡¡possessed¡¡a¡¡much¡¡larger¡¡army¡¡and¡¡navy¡¡than¡¡Chile£»¡¡the¡¡allies¡¡counted¡¡confidently¡¡on¡¡victory¡£¡¡But¡¡Peru's¡¡army¡¡of¡¡eight¡¡thousandhaving¡¡within¡¡four¡¡hundred¡¡as¡¡many¡¡officers¡¡as¡¡men£»¡¡directed¡¡by¡¡no¡¡fewer¡¡than¡¡twenty¡­six¡¡generals£»¡¡and¡¡presided¡¡over¡¡by¡¡a¡¡civil¡¡government¡¡altogether¡¡ineptwas¡¡no¡¡match¡¡for¡¡an¡¡army¡¡less¡¡than¡¡a¡¡third¡¡of¡¡its¡¡size¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sure£»¡¡but¡¡well¡¡drilled¡¡and¡¡commanded£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡a¡¡stable£»¡¡progressive£»¡¡and¡¡efficient¡¡government¡¡at¡¡its¡¡back¡£¡¡The¡¡Peruvian¡¡forces£»¡¡lacking¡¡any¡¡substantial¡¡support¡¡from¡¡Bolivia£»¡¡crumpled¡¡under¡¡the¡¡terrific¡¡attacks¡¡of¡¡their¡¡adversaries¡£¡¡Efforts¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡to¡¡mediate¡¡in¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡were¡¡blocked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡dogged¡¡refusal¡¡of¡¡Chile¡¡to¡¡abate¡¡its¡¡demands¡¡for¡¡annexation¡£¡¡Early¡¡in¡¡1881¡¡its¡¡army¡¡entered¡¡Lima¡¡in¡¡triumph£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡war¡¡was¡¡over¡£

For¡¡a¡¡while¡¡the¡¡victors¡¡treated¡¡the¡¡Peruvians¡¡and¡¡their¡¡capital¡¡city¡¡shamefully¡£¡¡The¡¡Chilean¡¡soldiers¡¡stripped¡¡the¡¡national¡¡library¡¡of¡¡its¡¡contents£»¡¡tore¡¡up¡¡the¡¡lamp¡­posts¡¡in¡¡the¡¡streets£»¡¡carried¡¡away¡¡the¡¡benches¡¡in¡¡the¡¡parks£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡shipped¡¡off¡¡the¡¡local¡¡menagerie¡¡to¡¡Santiago£¡¡¡What¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡remove¡¡or¡¡destroy¡¡was¡¡disposed¡¡of¡¡by¡¡the¡¡rabble¡¡of¡¡Lima¡¡itself¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡two¡¡years¡¡so¡¡utterly¡¡chaotic¡¡did¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hapless¡¡country¡¡become¡¡that¡¡Chile¡¡at¡¡length¡¡had¡¡to¡¡set¡¡up¡¡a¡¡government¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡conclude¡¡a¡¡peace¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡until¡¡October¡¡20£»¡¡1883£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡treaty¡¡was¡¡signed¡¡at¡¡Lima¡¡and¡¡ratified¡¡later¡¡at¡¡Ancon¡£¡¡Peru¡¡was¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡cede¡¡Tarapaca¡¡outright¡¡and¡¡to¡¡agree¡¡that¡¡Tacna¡¡and¡¡Arica¡¡should¡¡be¡¡held¡¡by¡¡Chile¡¡for¡¡ten¡¡years¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡expiration¡¡of¡¡this¡¡period¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡provinces¡¡were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡choose¡¡by¡¡vote¡¡the¡¡country¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they¡¡would¡¡prefer¡¡to¡¡belong£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡that¡¡won¡¡the¡¡election¡¡was¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡loser¡¡10£»000£»000¡¡pesos¡£¡¡In¡¡April£»¡¡1884£»¡¡Bolivia£»¡¡also£»¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡an¡¡arrangement¡¡with¡¡Chile£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡which¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡its¡¡seacoast¡¡should¡¡be¡¡ceded¡¡absolutely¡¡and¡¡the¡¡remainder¡¡should¡¡be¡¡occupied¡¡by¡¡Chile¡¡until¡¡a¡¡more¡¡definite¡¡understanding¡¡on¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡could¡¡be¡¡reached¡£

Chile¡¡emerged¡¡from¡¡the¡¡war¡¡not¡¡only¡¡triumphant¡¡over¡¡its¡¡northern¡¡rivals¡¡but¡¡dominant¡¡on¡¡the¡¡west¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡South¡¡America¡£¡¡Important¡¡developments¡¡in¡¡Chilean¡¡national¡¡policy¡¡followed¡£¡¡To¡¡maintain¡¡its¡¡vantage¡¡and¡¡to¡¡guard¡¡against¡¡reprisals£»¡¡the¡¡victorious¡¡state¡¡had¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡in¡¡military¡¡readiness¡¡on¡¡land¡¡and¡¡sea¡£¡¡It¡¡therefore¡¡looked¡¡to¡¡Prussia¡¡for¡¡a¡¡pattern¡¡for¡¡its¡¡army¡¡and¡¡to¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡for¡¡a¡¡model¡¡for¡¡its¡¡navy¡£

Peru¡¡had¡¡suffered¡¡cruelly¡¡from¡¡the¡¡war¡£¡¡Its¡¡territorial¡¡losses¡¡deprived¡¡it¡¡of¡¡an¡¡opportunity¡¡to¡¡satisfy¡¡its¡¡foreign¡¡creditors¡¡through¡¡a¡¡grant¡¡of¡¡concessions¡£¡¡The¡¡public¡¡treasury£»¡¡too£»¡¡was¡¡empty£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡a¡¡private¡¡fortune¡¡had¡¡melted¡¡away¡£¡¡Not¡¡until¡¡a¡¡military¡¡hand¡¡stronger¡¡than¡¡its¡¡competitors¡¡managed¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡a¡¡firm¡¡grip¡¡on¡¡affairs¡¡did¡¡Peru¡¡begin¡¡once¡¡more¡¡its¡¡toilsome¡¡journey¡¡toward¡¡material¡¡betterment¡£

Bolivia£»¡¡on¡¡its¡¡part£»¡¡had¡¡emerged¡¡from¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡practically¡¡a¡¡landlocked¡¡country¡£¡¡Though¡¡bereft¡¡of¡¡access¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡except¡¡by¡¡permission¡¡of¡¡its¡¡neighbors£»¡¡it¡¡had£»¡¡however£»¡¡not¡¡endured¡¡anything¡¡like¡¡the¡¡calamities¡¡of¡¡its¡¡ally¡£¡¡In¡¡1880¡¡it¡¡had¡¡adopted¡¡a¡¡permanent¡¡constitution¡¡and¡¡it¡¡now¡¡entered¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡course¡¡of¡¡slow¡¡and¡¡relatively¡¡peaceful¡¡progress¡£

In¡¡the¡¡republics¡¡to¡¡the¡¡northward¡¡struggles¡¡between¡¡clericals¡¡and¡¡radicals¡¡caused¡¡sharp£»¡¡abrupt¡¡alternations¡¡in¡¡government¡£¡¡In¡¡Ecuador¡¡the¡¡hostility¡¡between¡¡clericals¡¡and¡¡radicals¡¡was¡¡all¡¡the¡¡more¡¡bitter¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rivalry¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡chief¡¡towns£»¡¡Guayaquil¡¡the¡¡seaport¡¡and¡¡Quito¡¡the¡¡capital£»¡¡each¡¡of¡¡which¡¡sheltered¡¡a¡¡faction¡£¡¡No¡¡sooner¡¡therefore¡¡had¡¡Garcia¡¡Moreno¡¡fallen¡¡than¡¡the¡¡radicals¡¡of¡¡Guayaquil¡¡rose¡¡up¡¡against¡¡the¡¡clericals¡¡at¡¡Quito¡£¡¡Once¡¡in¡¡power£»¡¡they¡¡hunted¡¡their¡¡enemies¡¡down¡¡until¡¡order¡¡under¡¡a¡¡dictator¡¡could¡¡be¡¡restored¡£¡¡The¡¡m

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ