±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the hispanic nations of the new world >

µÚ1ÕÂ

the hispanic nations of the new world-µÚ1ÕÂ

С˵£º the hispanic nations of the new world ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡








The¡¡Hispanic¡¡Nations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World£»¡¡A¡¡Chronicle¡¡of¡¡our¡¡Southern¡¡Neighbors

by¡¡William¡¡R¡£¡¡Shepherd






CONTENTS

I¡£¡¡THE¡¡HERITAGE¡¡FROM¡¡SPAIN¡¡AND¡¡PORTUGAL

II¡£¡¡¡¨OUR¡¡OLD¡¡KING¡¡OR¡¡NONE¡¨

III¡£¡¡¡¨INDEPENDENCE¡¡OR¡¡DEATH¡¨

IV¡£¡¡PLOUGHING¡¡THE¡¡SEA

V¡£¡¡THE¡¡AGE¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡DICTATORS

VI¡£¡¡PERIL¡¡FROM¡¡ABROAD

VII¡£¡¡GREATER¡¡STATES¡¡AND¡¡LESSER

VIII¡£¡¡¡¨ON¡¡THE¡¡MARGIN¡¡OF¡¡INTERNATIONAL¡¡LIFE¡¨

IX¡£¡¡THE¡¡REPUBLICS¡¡OF¡¡SOUTH¡¡AMERICA

X¡£¡¡MEXICO¡¡IN¡¡REVOLUTION

XI¡£¡¡THE¡¡REPUBLICS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡CARIBBEAN

XII¡£¡¡PAN¡­AMERICANISM¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡GREAT¡¡WAR

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL¡¡NOTE






THE¡¡HISPANIC¡¡NATIONS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡NEW¡¡WORLD

CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡THE¡¡HERITAGE¡¡FROM¡¡SPAIN¡¡AND¡¡PORTUGAL

¡¡At¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Revolution¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World¡¡still¡¡belonged¡¡to¡¡Spain¡¡and¡¡Portugal£»¡¡whose¡¡captains¡¡and¡¡conquerors¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡its¡¡shores¡£¡¡Spain¡¡had¡¡the¡¡lion's¡¡share£»¡¡but¡¡Portugal¡¡held¡¡Brazil£»¡¡in¡¡itself¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡land¡¡of¡¡unsuspected¡¡resources¡£¡¡No¡¡empire¡¡mankind¡¡had¡¡ever¡¡yet¡¡known¡¡rivaled¡¡in¡¡size¡¡the¡¡illimitable¡¡domains¡¡of¡¡Spain¡¡and¡¡Portugal¡¡in¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World£»¡¡and¡¡none¡¡displayed¡¡such¡¡remarkable¡¡contrasts¡¡in¡¡land¡¡and¡¡people¡£¡¡Boundless¡¡plains¡¡and¡¡forests£»¡¡swamps¡¡and¡¡deserts£»¡¡mighty¡¡mountain¡¡chains£»¡¡torrential¡¡streams¡¡and¡¡majestic¡¡rivers£»¡¡marked¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡This¡¡vast¡¡territory¡¡stretched¡¡from¡¡the¡¡temperate¡¡prairies¡¡west¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡steaming¡¡lowlands¡¡of¡¡Central¡¡America£»¡¡then¡¡up¡¡through¡¡tablelands¡¡in¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡continent¡¡to¡¡high¡¡plateaus£»¡¡miles¡¡above¡¡sea¡¡level£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡sun¡¡blazed¡¡and¡¡the¡¡cold£»¡¡dry¡¡air¡¡was¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡breathe£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡higher¡¡still¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lofty¡¡peaks¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Andes£»¡¡clad¡¡in¡¡eternal¡¡snow¡¡or¡¡pouring¡¡fire¡¡and¡¡smoke¡¡from¡¡their¡¡summits¡¡in¡¡the¡¡clouds£»¡¡and¡¡thence¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡temperate¡¡valleys£»¡¡grassy¡¡pampas£»¡¡and¡¡undulating¡¡hills¡¡of¡¡the¡¡far¡¡south¡£

Scattered¡¡over¡¡these¡¡vast¡¡colonial¡¡domains¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡World¡¡were¡¡somewhere¡¡between¡¡12£»000£»000¡¡and¡¡19£»000£»000¡¡people¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡Spain£»¡¡and¡¡perhaps¡¡3£»000£»000£»¡¡to¡¡Portugal£»¡¡the¡¡great¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡them¡¡were¡¡Indians¡¡and¡¡negroes£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡predominating¡¡in¡¡the¡¡lands¡¡bordering¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Caribbean¡¡Sea¡¡and¡¡along¡¡the¡¡shores¡¡of¡¡Brazil¡£¡¡Possibly¡¡one¡­fourth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡came¡¡of¡¡European¡¡stock£»¡¡including¡¡not¡¡only¡¡Spaniards¡¡and¡¡their¡¡descendants¡¡but¡¡also¡¡the¡¡folk¡¡who¡¡spoke¡¡English¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Floridas¡¡and¡¡French¡¡in¡¡Louisiana¡£

During¡¡the¡¡centuries¡¡which¡¡had¡¡elapsed¡¡since¡¡the¡¡entry¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Spaniards¡¡and¡¡Portuguese¡¡into¡¡these¡¡regions¡¡an¡¡extraordinary¡¡fusion¡¡of¡¡races¡¡had¡¡taken¡¡place¡£¡¡White£»¡¡red£»¡¡and¡¡black¡¡had¡¡mingled¡¡to¡¡such¡¡an¡¡extent¡¡that¡¡the¡¡bulk¡¡of¡¡the¡¡settled¡¡population¡¡became¡¡half¡­caste¡£¡¡Only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡more¡¡temperate¡¡regions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡far¡¡north¡¡and¡¡south£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡aborigines¡¡were¡¡comparatively¡¡few¡¡or¡¡had¡¡disappeared¡¡altogether£»¡¡did¡¡the¡¡whites¡¡remain¡¡racially¡¡distinct¡£¡¡Socially¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡and¡¡the¡¡negro¡¡counted¡¡for¡¡little¡£¡¡They¡¡constituted¡¡the¡¡laboring¡¡class¡¡on¡¡whom¡¡all¡¡the¡¡burdens¡¡fell¡¡and¡¡for¡¡whom¡¡advantages¡¡in¡¡the¡¡body¡¡politic¡¡were¡¡scant¡£¡¡Legally¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡under¡¡Spanish¡¡rule¡¡stood¡¡on¡¡a¡¡footing¡¡of¡¡equality¡¡with¡¡his¡¡white¡¡fellows£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡a¡¡gifted¡¡native¡¡came¡¡to¡¡be¡¡reckoned¡¡a¡¡force¡¡in¡¡the¡¡community£»¡¡though¡¡his¡¡social¡¡position¡¡remained¡¡a¡¡subordinate¡¡one¡£¡¡Most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡negroes¡¡were¡¡slaves¡¡and¡¡were¡¡more¡¡kindly¡¡treated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Spaniards¡¡than¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Portuguese¡£

Though¡¡divided¡¡among¡¡themselves£»¡¡the¡¡Europeans¡¡were¡¡everywhere¡¡politically¡¡dominant¡£¡¡The¡¡Spaniard¡¡was¡¡always¡¡an¡¡individualist¡£¡¡Besides£»¡¡he¡¡often¡¡brought¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Old¡¡World¡¡petty¡¡provincial¡¡traditions¡¡which¡¡were¡¡intensified¡¡in¡¡the¡¡New¡£¡¡The¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡towns£»¡¡many¡¡of¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡founded¡¡quite¡¡independently¡¡of¡¡one¡¡another£»¡¡knew¡¡little¡¡about¡¡their¡¡remote¡¡neighbors¡¡and¡¡often¡¡were¡¡quite¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡convert¡¡their¡¡ignorance¡¡into¡¡prejudice£º¡¡The¡¡dweller¡¡in¡¡the¡¡uplands¡¡and¡¡the¡¡resident¡¡on¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡were¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡view¡¡each¡¡other¡¡with¡¡disfavor¡£¡¡The¡¡one¡¡was¡¡thought¡¡heavy¡¡and¡¡stupid£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡frivolous¡¡and¡¡lazy¡£¡¡Native¡¡Spaniards¡¡regarded¡¡the¡¡Creoles£»¡¡or¡¡American¡¡born£»¡¡as¡¡persons¡¡who¡¡had¡¡degenerated¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡by¡¡their¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aborigines¡¡and¡¡the¡¡wilderness¡£¡¡For¡¡their¡¡part£»¡¡the¡¡Creoles¡¡looked¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Spaniards¡¡as¡¡upstarts¡¡and¡¡intruders£»¡¡whose¡¡sole¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡consideration¡¡lay¡¡in¡¡the¡¡privileges¡¡dispensed¡¡them¡¡by¡¡the¡¡home¡¡government¡£¡¡In¡¡testimony¡¡of¡¡this¡¡attitude¡¡they¡¡coined¡¡for¡¡their¡¡oversea¡¡kindred¡¡numerous¡¡nicknames¡¡which¡¡were¡¡more¡¡expressive¡¡than¡¡complimentary¡£¡¡While¡¡the¡¡Creoles¡¡held¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wealth¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡offices£»¡¡the¡¡Spaniards¡¡enjoyed¡¡the¡¡perquisites¡¡and¡¡emoluments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡higher¡¡posts¡£

Though¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡disdain¡¡to¡¡both¡¡these¡¡masters£»¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡generally¡¡preferred¡¡the¡¡Spaniard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Creole¡£¡¡The¡¡Spaniard¡¡represented¡¡a¡¡distant¡¡authority¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡welfare¡¡of¡¡its¡¡humbler¡¡subjects¡¡and¡¡came¡¡less¡¡into¡¡actual¡¡daily¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡natives¡£¡¡While¡¡it¡¡would¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡correct¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Spaniard¡¡was¡¡viewed¡¡as¡¡a¡¡protector¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Creole¡¡as¡¡an¡¡oppressor£»¡¡yet¡¡the¡¡aborigines¡¡unconsciously¡¡made¡¡some¡¡such¡¡hazy¡¡distinction¡¡if¡¡indeed¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡view¡¡all¡¡Europeans¡¡with¡¡suspicion¡¡and¡¡dislike¡£¡¡In¡¡Brazil¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡of¡¡classes¡¡was¡¡much¡¡the¡¡same£»¡¡except¡¡that¡¡here¡¡the¡¡native¡¡element¡¡was¡¡much¡¡less¡¡conspicuous¡¡as¡¡a¡¡social¡¡factor¡£

These¡¡distinctions¡¡were¡¡all¡¡the¡¡more¡¡accentuated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡absence¡¡both¡¡of¡¡other¡¡European¡¡peoples¡¡and¡¡of¡¡a¡¡definite¡¡middle¡¡class¡¡of¡¡any¡¡race¡£¡¡Everywhere¡¡in¡¡the¡¡areas¡¡tenanted¡¡originally¡¡by¡¡Spaniards¡¡and¡¡Portuguese¡¡the¡¡European¡¡of¡¡alien¡¡stock¡¡was¡¡unwelcome£»¡¡even¡¡though¡¡he¡¡obtained¡¡a¡¡grudging¡¡permission¡¡from¡¡the¡¡home¡¡governments¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡a¡¡colonist¡£¡¡In¡¡Brazil£»¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡close¡¡commercial¡¡connections¡¡between¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡and¡¡Portugal£»¡¡foreigners¡¡were¡¡not¡¡so¡¡rigidly¡¡excluded¡¡as¡¡in¡¡Spanish¡¡America¡£¡¡The¡¡Spaniard¡¡was¡¡unwilling¡¡that¡¡lands¡¡so¡¡rich¡¡in¡¡natural¡¡treasures¡¡should¡¡be¡¡thrown¡¡open¡¡to¡¡exploitation¡¡by¡¡others£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡the¡¡newcomer¡¡professed¡¡the¡¡Catholic¡¡faith¡£¡¡The¡¡heretic¡¡was¡¡denied¡¡admission¡¡as¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡course¡£¡¡Had¡¡the¡¡foreigner¡¡been¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡enter£»¡¡the¡¡risk¡¡of¡¡such¡¡exploitation¡¡doubtless¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡increased£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡middle¡¡class¡¡might¡¡have¡¡arisen¡¡to¡¡weld¡¡the¡¡the¡¡discordant¡¡factions¡¡into¡¡a¡¡society¡¡which¡¡had¡¡common¡¡desires¡¡and¡¡aspirations¡£¡¡With¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡commerce¡¡and¡¡industry£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡activities¡¡which¡¡bring¡¡men¡¡into¡¡touch¡¡with¡¡each¡¡other¡¡in¡¡everyday¡¡affairs£»¡¡something¡¡like¡¡a¡¡solidarity¡¡of¡¡sentiment¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡awakened¡£¡¡In¡¡its¡¡absence¡¡the¡¡only¡¡bond¡¡among¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡whites¡¡was¡¡their¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡superiority¡¡to¡¡the¡¡colored¡¡masses¡¡beneath¡¡them¡£

Manual¡¡labor¡¡and¡¡trade¡¡had¡¡never¡¡attracted¡¡the¡¡Spaniards¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Portuguese¡£¡¡The¡¡army£»¡¡the¡¡church£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡law¡¡were¡¡the¡¡three¡¡callings¡¡that¡¡offered¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡opportunity¡¡for¡¡distinction¡£¡¡Agriculture£»¡¡grazing£»¡¡and¡¡mining¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡disdain£»¡¡provided¡¡that¡¡superintendence¡¡and¡¡not¡¡actual¡¡work¡¡was¡¡the¡¡main¡¡requisite¡£¡¡The¡¡economic¡¡organization¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Spaniards¡¡and¡¡Portuguese¡¡established¡¡in¡¡America¡¡was¡¡naturally¡¡a¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡faithful¡¡reproduction¡¡of¡¡that¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡accustomed¡¡at¡¡home¡£¡¡Agriculture¡¡and¡¡grazing¡¡became¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡occupations¡£¡¡Domestic¡¡animals¡¡and¡¡many¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡plants¡¡brought¡¡from¡¡Europe¡¡throve¡¡wonderfully¡¡in¡¡their¡¡new¡¡home¡£¡¡Huge¡¡estates¡¡were¡¡the¡¡rule£»¡¡small¡¡farms£»¡¡the¡¡exception¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡ranches¡¡and¡¡plantations¡¡vast¡¡droves¡¡of¡¡cattle£»¡¡sheep£»¡¡and¡¡horses¡¡were¡¡raised£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡immense¡¡crops¡£¡¡Mining£»¡¡once¡¡so¡¡much¡¡in¡¡vogue£»¡¡had¡¡become¡¡an¡¡occupation¡¡of¡¡secondary¡¡importance¡£

On¡¡their¡¡estates¡¡the¡¡planter£»¡¡the¡¡ranchman£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡mine¡¡owner¡¡lived¡¡like¡¡feudal¡¡overlords£»¡¡waited¡¡upon¡¡by¡¡Indian¡¡and¡¡negro¡¡peasants¡¡who¡¡also¡¡tilled¡¡the¡¡fields£»¡¡tended¡¡the¡¡droves£»¡¡and¡¡dug¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡for¡¡precious¡¡metals¡¡and¡¡stones¡£¡¡Originally¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡had¡¡been¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡work¡¡under¡¡conditions¡¡approximating¡¡actual¡¡servitude£»¡¡but¡¡gradually¡¡the¡¡harsher¡¡features¡¡of¡¡this¡¡system¡¡had¡¡given¡¡way¡¡to¡¡a¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡service¡¡closely¡¡resembling¡¡peonage¡£¡¡Paid¡¡a¡¡pitifully¡¡small¡¡wage£»¡¡provided¡¡with¡¡a¡¡hut¡¡of¡¡reeds¡¡or¡¡sundried¡¡mud¡¡and¡¡a¡¡tiny¡¡patch¡¡of¡¡soil¡¡on¡¡which¡¡to¡¡grow¡¡a¡¡few¡¡hills¡¡of¡¡the¡¡corn¡¡and¡¡beans¡¡that¡¡were¡¡his¡¡usual¡¡nourishment£»¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡Indian¡¡or¡¡half¡­caste¡¡laborer¡¡was¡¡scarcely¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡beast¡¡of¡¡burden£»¡¡a¡¡creature¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡civic¡¡virtues¡¡of¡¡a¡¡high¡¡order¡¡were¡¡not¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡develop¡£¡¡If¡¡he¡¡betook¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡the¡¡town¡¡his¡¡possible¡¡usefulness¡¡lessened¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡as¡¡he¡¡fell¡¡into¡¡drunken¡¡or¡¡dissolute¡¡habits£»¡¡or¡¡lapsed¡¡into¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡lazy¡¡a

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ