贝壳电子书 > 英文原著电子书 > the conquest of new france >

第7章

the conquest of new france-第7章

小说: the conquest of new france 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!




monopoly and it was unfair that a needy governor should share its

profits。 But; after all; such a quarrel was only between rival

monopolists。 Better a trading governor than one who plundered the

people or who by drunken profligacy discredited his office。



While all Canada was devoted to the Roman Catholic Church; the

diversity of religious beliefs in the English colonies was a

marked feature of social life。 In Virginia; by law of the colony;

the Church of England was the established Church。 In

Massachusetts; founded by stern Puritans; the public services of

the Church of England were long prohibited。 In Pennsylvania there

was dominant the sect derisively called 〃Quakers;〃 who would have

no ecclesiastical organization and believed that religion was

purely a matter for the individual soul。 Boston jeered at the

superstitions of Quebec; such as the belief of the missionaries

that a drop of water; with the murmured words of baptism;

transformed a dying Indian child from an outcast savage into an

angel of light。 Quebec might; however; deride Boston with equal

justice。 Sir William Phips believed that malignant and invisible

devils had made a special invasion of Massachusetts; dragging

people from their houses; pushing them into fire and water; and

carrying them through the air for miles over trees and hills。

These devils; it was thought; took visible form; of which the

favorite was that of a black cat。 Witches were thought to be able

to pass through keyholes and to exercise charms which would

destroy their victims。 While Phips and Frontenac were struggling

for the mastery of Canada; a fever of excitement ran through New

England about these perils of witchcraft。 When; in 1692; Phips

became Governor of Massachusetts; he named a special court to try

accused persons。 The court considered hundreds of cases and

condemned and hanged nineteen persons for wholly imaginary

crimes。 Whatever the faults of the rule of the priests at Quebec;

they never equaled this in brutality or surpassed it in blind

superstition。 In New England we find bitter religious

persecution。 In Canada there was none: the door was completely

closed to Protestants and the family within were all of one mind。

There was no one to persecute。



The old contrast between French and English ideals still endures。

At Quebec there was an early zeal for education。 In 1638; the

year in which Harvard College was organized; a college and a

school for training the French youth and the natives were founded

at Quebec。 In the next year the Ursuline nuns established at

Quebec the convent which through all the intervening years has

continued its important work of educating girls。 In zeal for

education Quebec was therefore not behind Boston。 But the spirit

was different。 Quebec believed that safety lay in control by the

Church; and this control it still maintains。 Massachusetts came

in time to believe that safety lay in freeing education from any

spiritual authority。 Today Laval University at Quebec and Harvard

University at Cambridge represent the outcome of these differing

modes of thought。 Other forces were working to produce

essentially different types。 The printing…press Quebec did not

know; and; down to the final overthrow of the French power in

1763; no newspaper or book was issued in Canada。 Massachusetts;

on the other hand; had a printing…press as early as in 1638 and

soon books were being printed in the colony。 Of course; in the

spirit of the time; there was a strict censorship。 But; by 1722;

this had come to an end; and after that the newspaper; unknown in

Canada; was busy and free in its task of helping to mold the

thought of the English colonies in America。







CHAPTER III。 France Loses Acadia



The Peace of Ryswick in 1697 had settled nothing finally。 France

was still strong enough to aim at the mastery of Europe and

America。 England was torn by internal faction and would not

prepare to face her menacing enemy。 Always the English have

disliked a great standing army。 Now; despite the entreaties of a

king who knew the real danger; they reduced the army to the

pitiable number of seven thousand men。 Louis XIV grew ever more

confident。 In 1700 he was able to put his own grandson on the

throne of Spain and to dominate Europe from the Straits of

Gibraltar to the Netherlands。 Another event showing his resolve

soon startled the world。 In 1701 died James II; the dethroned

King of England; and Louis went out of his way to insult the

English people。 William III was King by the will of Parliament。

Louis had recognized him as such。 Yet; on the death of James;

Louis declared that James's son was now the true King of England。

This impudent defiance meant; and Louis intended that it should

mean; renewed war。 England had invited it by making her forces

weak。 William III died in 1702 and the war went on under his

successor; Queen Anne。



Thus it happened that once more war…parties began to prowl on the

Canadian frontier; and women and children in remote clearings in

the forest shivered at the prospect of the savage scourge。 The

English colonies suffered terribly。 Everywhere France was

aggressive。 The warlike Iroquois were now so alarmed by the

French menace that; to secure protection; they ceded their

territory to Queen Anne and became British subjects; a

humiliating step indeed for a people who had once thought

themselves the most important in all the world。 By 1703 the

butchery on the frontier was in full operation。 The Jesuit

historian Charlevoix; with complacent exaggeration; says that in

that year alone three hundred men were killed on the New England

frontier by the Abenaki Indians incited by the French。 The

numbers slain were in fact fewer and the slain were not always

men but sometimes old women and young babies。 The policy of

France was to make the war so ruthless that a gulf of hatred

should keep their Indian allies from ever making friends and

resuming trade with the English; whose hatchets; blankets; and

other supplies were; as the French well knew; better and cheaper

than their own。 The French hoped to seize Boston; to destroy its

industries and sink its ships; then to advance beyond Boston and

deal out to other places the same fate。 The rivalry of New

England was to be ended by making that region a desert。



The first fury of the war raged on the frontier of Maine; which

was an outpost of Massachusetts。 On an August day in 1703 the

people of the rugged little settlement of Wells were at their

usual tasks when they heard gunshots and war…whoops。 Indians had

crept up to attack the place。 They set the village on fire and

killed or carried off some twoscore prisoners; chiefly women and

children。 The village of Deerfield; on the northwestern frontier

of Massachusetts; consisted of a wooden meeting…house and a

number of rough cabins which lodged the two or three hundred

inhabitants。 On a February night in 1704 savages led by a young

member of the Canadian noblesse; Hertel de Rouville; approached

the village silently on snowshoes; waited on the outskirts during

the dead of night; and then just before dawn burst in upon the

sleeping people。 The work was done quickly。 Within an hour after

dawn the place had been plundered and set on fire; forty or fifty

dead bodies of men and women and children lay in the village; and

a hundred and eleven miserable prisoners were following their

captors on snowshoes through the forest; each prisoner well

knowing that to fall by the way meant to have his head split by a

tomahawk and the scalp torn off。 When on the first night one of

them slipped away; Rouville told the others that; should a

further escape occur; he would burn alive all those remaining in

his hands。 The minister of the church at Deerfield; the Reverend

John Williams; was a captive; together with his wife and five

children。 The wife; falling by the way; was killed by a stroke of

a tomahawk and the body was left

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的