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some of his rights and allow England to retain a strip some fifty

miles wide extending from Maine to Florida。 France has the right

to the whole of the interior。 In the mind of the reverend

memorialist; no doubt; there was the conviction that England

would soon lose the meager strip; fifty miles wide; which France

might yield。



These dreams of power had a certain substance。 It seems to us now

that; from the first; the French were dreaming of the impossible。

We know what has happened; and after the event it is an easy task

to measure political forces。 The ambitions of France were not;

however; empty fancies。 More than once she has seemed on the

point of mastering the nations of the West。 Just before the year

1690 she had a great opportunity。 In England; in 1660; the fall

of the system created by Oliver Cromwell brought back to the

English throne the House of Stuart; for centuries the ally and

usually the pupil of France。 Stuart kings of Scotland; allied

with France; had fought the Tudor kings of England。 Stuarts in

misfortune had been the pensioners of France。 Charles II; a

Stuart; alien in religion to the convictions of his people;

looked to Catholic France to give him security on his throne。

Before the first half of the reign of Louis XIV had ended; it was

the boast of the French that the King of England was vassal to

their King; that the states of continental Europe had become mere

pawns in the game of their Grand Monarch; and that France could

be master of as much of the world as was really worth mastering。

In 1679 the Canadian Intendant; Duchesneau; writing from Quebec

to complain of the despotic conduct of the Governor; Frontenac;

paid a tribute to 〃the King our master; of whom the whole world

stands in awe; who has just given law to all Europe。〃



To men thus obsessed by the greatness of their own ruler it

seemed no impossible task to overthrow a few English colonies in

America of whose King their own was the patron and the paymaster。

The world of high politics has never been conspicuous for its

knowledge of human nature。 A strong blow from a strong arm would;

it was believed both at Versailles and Quebec; shatter forever a

weak rival and give France the prize of North America。 Officers

in Canada talked loftily of the ease with which France might

master all the English colonies。 The Canadians; it was said; were

a brave and warlike people; trained to endure hardship; while the

English colonists were undisciplined; ignorant of war; and

cowardly。 The link between them and the motherland; said these

observers; could be easily broken; for the colonies were longing

to be free。 There is no doubt that France could put into the

field armies vastly greater than those of England。 Had the French

been able to cross the Channel; march on London and destroy

English power at its root; the story of civilization in a great

part of North America might well have been different; and we

should perhaps find now on the banks of the Hudson what we find

on the banks of the St。 Lawrencevillages dominated by great

churches and convents; with inhabitants Catholic to a man;

speaking the language and preserving the traditions of France。

The strip of inviolate sea between Calais and Dover made

impossible; however; an assault on London。 Sea power kept secure

not only England but English effort in America and in the end

defeated France。



England had defenses other than her great strength on the sea。 In

spite of the docility towards France shown by the English King;

Charles II; himself half French in blood and at heart devoted to

the triumph of the Catholic faith; the English people would

tolerate no policies likely to make England subservient to

France。 This was forbidden by age…long tradition。 The struggle

had become one of religion as well as of race。 A fight for a

century and a half with the Roman Catholic Church had made

England sternly; fanatically Protestant。 In their suspicion of

the system which France accepted; Englishmen had sent a king to

the scaffold; had overthrown the monarchy; and had created a

military republic。 This republic; indeed; had fallen; but the

distrust of the aims of the Roman Catholic Church remained

intense and burst into passionate fury the moment an

understanding of the aims of France gained currency。



There are indeed few passages in English history less creditable

than the panic fear of Roman Catholic plots which swept the

country in the days when Frontenac at Quebec was working to

destroy English and Protestant influence in America。 In 1678;

Titus Oates; a clergyman of the Church of England who had turned

Roman Catholic; declared that; while in the secrets of his new

church; he had found on foot a plot to restore Roman Catholic

dominance in England by means of the murder of Charles II and of

any other crimes necessary for that purpose。 Oates said that he

had left the Church and returned to his former faith because of

the terrible character of the conspiracy which he had discovered。

His story was not even plausible; he was known to be a man of

vicious life; moreover; Catholic plotters would hardly murder a

king who was at heart devoted to Catholic policy。 England;

however; was in a nervous state of mind; Charles II was known to

be intriguing with France; and a cruel fury surged through the

nation。 For a share in the supposed plots; a score of people;

among them one of the great nobles of England; the venerable and

innocent Earl of Stafford; were condemned to death and executed。

Whatever Charles II himself might have thought; he was obliged

for his own safety to acquiesce in the policy of persecution。



Catholic France was not less malignant than Protestant England。

Though cruel severity had long been shown to Protestants; they

seemed to be secure under the law of France in certain limited

rights and in a restricted toleration。 In 1685; however; Louis

XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes by which Henry IV a century

earlier had guaranteed this toleration。 All over France there had

already burst out terrible persecution; and the act of Louis XIV

brought a fiery climax。 Unhappy heretics who would not accept

Roman Catholic doctrine found life intolerable。 Tens of thousands

escaped from France in spite of a law which; though it exiled the

Protestant ministers; forbade other Protestants to leave the

country。 Stories of plots were made the excuse to seize the

property of Protestants。 Regiments of soldiers; charged with the

task; could boast of many enforced 〃conversions。〃 Quartered on

Protestant households; they made the life of the inmates a burden

until they abandoned their religion。 Among the means used were

torture before a slow fire; the tearing off of the finger nails;

the driving of the whole families naked into the streets and the

forbidding of any one to give them shelter; the violation of

women; and the crowding of the heretics in loathsome prisons。 By

such means it took a regiment of soldiers in Rouen only a few

days to 〃convert〃 to the old faith some six hundred families。

Protestant ministers caught in France were sent to the galleys

for life。 The persecutions which followed the revocation of the

Edict of Nantes outdid even Titus Oates。



Charles II died in 1685 and the scene at his deathbed encouraged

in England suspicions of Catholic policy and in France hope that

this policy was near its climax of success。 Though indolent and

dissolute; Charles yet possessed striking mental capacity and

insight。 He knew well that to preserve his throne he must remain

outwardly a Protestant and must also respect the liberties of the

English nation。 He cherished; however; the Roman Catholic faith

and the despotic ideals of his Bourbon mother。 On his deathbed he

avowed his real belief。 With great precautions for secrecy; he

was received into the Roman Catholic Church and comforted with

the consolations which it offers to the dying。 While this secret

was susp

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