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Montcalm embarked at Brest with his staff。 War had not yet been

declared; but already Britain had captured some three hundred

French merchant ships; had taken prisoner nearly ten thousand

French sailors; and was sweeping from the sea the fleets of

France。



Owing to the fear of British cruisers; the voyage of Montcalm had

its excitements。 As usual; however; France was earlier in the

field than Britain; who had in April no force ready for America

which could intercept Montcalm。 The storms were heavy; and on

Easter Day; when Mass was celebrated; a sailor firm on his feet

had to hold the chalice for the officiating priest。 On board

there were daily prayers; and always the service ended with cries

of 〃God save the King!〃 Some of the officers on board were

destined to survive to a new era in France when there should be

no more a king。



Montcalm had with him a capable staff and a goodly number of

young officers; gay; debonair; thinking not of great political

designs about America but chiefly of their own future careers in

France; and facing death lightheartedly enough。 Next to Montcalm

in command was the Chevalier de Uvis; a member of a great French

family and himself destined to attain the high rank of Marshal of

France; and a capable though not a brilliant soldier; whose chief

gift was tact and the art of managing men。 Third in command was

the Chevalier de Bourlamaque; a quiet; reserved man; with no

striking social gifts and in consequence not likely at first to

make a good impression; though Montcalm; who was at the beginning

a little doubtful of his quality; came in the end to rely upon

him fully。 The most brilliant man in that company was the young

Colonel de Bougainville; Montcalm's chief aide…de…camp。 Though

only twenty…seven years old he was already famous in the world of

science and was destined to be still more famous as a great

navigator; to live through the whole period of the French

Revolution; and to die only on the eve of the fall of Napoleon。

In 1756 he was too young and clever to be always prudent in

speech。 It is from his quick eye and eager pen that we learn much

of the inner story of these last days of New France。 Montcalm

discusses frankly in his letters these and other officers; with

whom he was on the whole well pleased。 In his heart he could echo

the words of Bougainville as he watched the brilliant spectacle

of the embarkation at Brest: 〃What a nation is ours! Happy is he

who leads and is worthy of it。〃



It was in this spirit of confidence that Montcalm faced the

struggle in America。 For him sad days were to come and his sunny;

vivacious; southern temperament caused him to suffer keenly。 At

first; however; all was full of brilliant promise。 So eager was

he that; when his ships lay becalmed in the St。 Lawrence some

thirty miles below Quebec; he landed and drove to the city。 It is

the most beautiful country in the world; he writes; highly

cultivated; with many houses; the peasants living more like the

lesser gentry of France than like peasants; and speaking

excellent French。 He found the hospitality in Quebec such that a

Parisian would be surprised at the profusion of good things of

every kind。 The city was; he thought; like the best type of the

cities of France。 The Canadian climate was health…giving; the sky

clear; the summer not unlike that of Languedoc; but the winter

trying; since the severe weather caused the inhabitants to remain

too much indoors。 He described the Canadian ladies as witty;

lively; devout; those of Quebec amusing themselves at play;

sometimes for high stakes; those of Montreal; with conversation

and dancing。 He confessed that one of them proved a little too

fascinating for his own peace of mind。 The intolerable thing was

the need to meet and pay court to the Indians whom the Governor;

the Marquis de Vaudreuil; regarded as valuable allies。 These

savages; brutal; changeable; exacting; Montcalm from the first

despised。 It filled him with disgust to see them swarming in the

streets of Montreal; sometimes carrying bows and arrows; their

coarse features worse disfigured by war…paint and a gaudy

headdress of feathers; their heads shaven; with the exception of

one long scalp…lock; their gleaming bodies nearly naked or draped

with dirty buffalo or beaver skins。 What allies for a refined

grand seigneur of France! It was a costly burden to feed them。

Sometimes they made howling demands for brandy and for bouillon;

by which they meant human blood。 Many of them were cannibals。

Once Montcalm had to give some of them; at his own cost; a feast

of three oxen roasted whole。 To his disgust; they gorged

themselves and danced round the room shouting their savage

war…cries。



The Governor of Canada; Pierre de Rigaud; Marquis de Vaudreuil;

belonged to one of the most ancient families of France; related

to that of Levis。 He had been born in Canada where his father was

Governor for the long period of twenty…two years; from 1703 to

1725; and in his outlook and prejudices he was wholly of New

France; with a passionate devotion to its people; and a deep

resentment at any airs of superiority assumed by those who came

from old France。 A certain admiration is due to Vaudreuil for his

championship of the Canadians and even of the savages of the land

of his birth against officers of his own rank and caste who came

from France。 There was in Canada the eternal cleavage in outlook

and manners between the Old World and the New; which is found in

equal strength in New England; and which was one of the chief

factors in causing the American Revolution。 Vaudreuil; born at

Quebec in 1698; had climbed the official ladder step by step

until; in 1742; he had been made Governor of Louisiana; a post he

held for three years。 He succeeded the Marquis Duquesne as

Governor of Canada in the year before Montcalm arrived。 He meant

well but he was a vain man; always a leading figure in the small

society about him; and obsessed by a fussy self…importance。 He

was not clever enough to see through flattery。 The Intendant

Bigot; next to the Governor the most important man in Canada; an

able and corrupt rascal; knew how to manage the Governor and to

impose his own will upon the weaker man。 Vaudreuil and his wife

between them had a swarm of needy relatives in Canada; and these

and other Canadians who sought favors from the Governor helped to

sharpen his antagonism to the officers from France。 Vaudreuil

believed himself a military genius。 It was he and not Montcalm

who had the supreme military command; and he regarded as an

unnecessary intruder this general officer sent out from France。



Now that Montcalm was come; Vaudreuil showed a malignant

alertness; born of jealousy; to snub and check him。 Outward

courtesies were; of course; maintained。 Vaudreuil could be bland

and Montcalm restrained; in spite of his southern temperament;

but their dispatches show the bitterness in their relations。 The

court of France encouraged not merely the leaders but even

officers in subordinate posts to communicate to it their views。 A

voluble correspondence about affairs in Canada has been

preserved。 Vaudreuil himself must have tried the patience of the

French ministers for he wrote at prodigious length; exalting his

own achievements to the point of being ludicrous。 At the same

time he belittled everything done by Montcalm; complained that he

was ruining the French cause in America; hinted that he was in

league with corrupt elements in Canada; and in the end even went

so far as to request his recall in order that the more pliant

Levis might be put in his place。 The letters of Montcalm are more

reserved。 Unlike Vaudreuil; he never stooped to falsehood。 He

knew that he was under the orders of the Governor and he accepted

the situation。 When operations were on hand; Vaudreuil would give

Montcalm instructions so ambiguous that if he failed he would be

sure to get the discredit; while; if he su

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