the conquest of new france-µÚ26ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
the¡¡French¡¡population¡¡to¡¡France¡£¡¡Assurances¡¡came¡¡from¡¡the¡¡British
government£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡molesting¡¡the
Acadians¡£
With¡¡the¡¡order¡¡¡¨As¡¡you¡¡were¡¨¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Treaty
of¡¡Aix¡la¡Chapelle¡¡in¡¡1748£»¡¡the¡¡highly¡¡organized¡¡and¡¡efficient
champions¡¡of¡¡French¡¡policy¡¡took¡¡every¡¡step¡¡to¡¡ensure¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the
next¡¡struggle¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡France¡¡should¡¡prevail¡£¡¡Peace¡¡had
no¡¡sooner¡¡been¡¡signed¡¡than¡¡Versailles¡¡was¡¡working¡¡in¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia
on¡¡the¡¡old¡¡policy¡£¡¡The¡¡French¡¡priests¡¡taught¡¡that¡¡eternal
perdition¡¡awaited¡¡the¡¡Catholic¡¡Acadians¡¡who¡¡should¡¡accept¡¡the
demands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heretic¡¡English¡£¡¡The¡¡Indians¡¡continued¡¡their
savage¡¡threats¡£¡¡Blood¡¡is¡¡thicker¡¡than¡¡water¡¡and¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡the
natural¡¡sympathies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡were¡¡with¡¡the¡¡French¡£¡¡But¡¡the
British¡¡were¡¡now¡¡formidable¡£¡¡For¡¡them¡¡the¡¡founding¡¡of¡¡Halifax¡¡in
1749¡¡had¡¡made¡¡all¡¡the¡¡difference¡£¡¡They£»¡¡too£»¡¡had¡¡a¡¡menacing
fortress¡¡at¡¡the¡¡door¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Acadians£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡tone¡¡grew
sterner¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡result¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡were¡¡told¡¡that¡¡if£»¡¡by¡¡October
15£»¡¡1749£»¡¡they¡¡had¡¡not¡¡taken¡¡an¡¡unconditional¡¡oath¡¡of¡¡allegiance
to¡¡George¡¡II£»¡¡they¡¡should¡¡forfeit¡¡their¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡their
property£»¡¡the¡¡treasured¡¡farms¡¡on¡¡which¡¡they¡¡and¡¡their¡¡ancestors
had¡¡toiled¡£¡¡The¡¡Acadians¡¡were¡¡in¡¡acute¡¡distress¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡yielded
to¡¡the¡¡English£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡would¡¡their¡¡bodies¡¡be¡¡destroyed¡¡by¡¡the
savage¡¡Micmac¡¡Indians£»¡¡but¡¡their¡¡immortal¡¡souls£»¡¡they¡¡feared£»
would¡¡be¡¡in¡¡danger¡£
The¡¡Abbe¡¡Le¡¡Loutre¡¡was¡¡the¡¡parish¡¡priest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Acadian¡¡village
of¡¡Beaubassin¡¡on¡¡Chignecto¡¡Bay¡¡and¡¡also¡¡missionary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Micmac
Indians£»¡¡whose¡¡chief¡¡village¡¡lay¡¡in¡¡British¡¡territory¡¡not¡¡many
miles¡¡from¡¡Halifax¡£¡¡British¡¡officials¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡denounced¡¡him
as¡¡a¡¡determined¡¡fanatic¡¡who¡¡did¡¡not¡¡stop¡¡short¡¡of¡¡murder¡£¡¡As¡¡in
most¡¡men£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡in¡¡Le¡¡Loutre¡¡a¡¡mingling¡¡of¡¡qualities¡£¡¡He¡¡was
arrogant£»¡¡domineering£»¡¡and¡¡intent¡¡on¡¡his¡¡own¡¡plans¡£¡¡He¡¡hated¡¡the
English¡¡and¡¡their¡¡heresy£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡preached¡¡to¡¡his¡¡people¡¡against
them¡¡with¡¡frantic¡¡invective¡£¡¡He¡¡incited¡¡his¡¡Indians¡¡to¡¡bloodshed¡£
But¡¡he¡¡also¡¡knew¡¡pity¡£¡¡The¡¡custom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡was¡¡to¡¡consider
prisoners¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡them¡¡as¡¡their¡¡property£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡one¡¡occasion¡¡Le
Loutre¡¡himself¡¡paid¡¡ransom¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡for¡¡thirty¡seven
English¡¡captives¡¡and¡¡returned¡¡them¡¡to¡¡Halifax¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡certain¡¡that
the¡¡French¡¡government¡¡counted¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡French
priests¡¡to¡¡aid¡¡its¡¡political¡¡designs¡£¡¡¡¨My¡¡masters£»¡¡God¡¡and¡¡the
King¡¨¡¡was¡¡a¡¡phrase¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sulpician¡¡father¡¡Piquet¡¡working¡¡at¡¡this
time¡¡on¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence¡£¡¡Le¡¡Loutre¡¡could¡¡have¡¡echoed¡¡the¡¡words¡£
He¡¡was¡¡an¡¡ardent¡¡politician¡¡and¡¡France¡¡supplied¡¡him¡¡with¡¡both
money¡¡and¡¡arms¡¡to¡¡induce¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡the¡¡English¡£¡¡The
savages¡¡haunted¡¡the¡¡outskirts¡¡of¡¡Halifax£»¡¡waylaid¡¡and¡¡scalped
unhappy¡¡settlers£»¡¡and£»¡¡in¡¡due¡¡course£»¡¡were¡¡paid¡¡from¡¡Louisbourg
according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡scalps¡¡which¡¡they¡¡produced¡£¡¡The
deliberate¡¡intention¡¡was¡¡to¡¡make¡¡new¡¡English¡¡settlements
impossible¡¡in¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia¡¡and¡¡so¡¡to¡¡discourage¡¡the¡¡English¡¡that
they¡¡should¡¡abandon¡¡Halifax¡£¡¡All¡¡this¡¡intrigue¡¡occurred¡¡in¡¡1749
and¡¡the¡¡years¡¡following¡¡the¡¡treaty¡¡of¡¡peace¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡English
suffered£»¡¡so¡¡did¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡£¡¡Le¡¡Loutre¡¡told¡¡them¡¡that¡¡if¡¡once
they¡¡became¡¡British¡¡subjects¡¡they¡¡would¡¡lose¡¡their¡¡priests¡¡and
find¡¡their¡¡religion¡¡suppressed¡£¡¡Acadians¡¡who¡¡took¡¡the¡¡oath¡¡would£»
he¡¡said£»¡¡be¡¡denied¡¡the¡¡sacraments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church¡£¡¡He¡¡would¡¡also
turn¡¡loose¡¡on¡¡the¡¡offenders¡¡the¡¡murderous¡¡savages¡¡whom¡¡he
controlled¡£¡¡If¡¡pressed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡English£»¡¡the¡¡Acadians£»¡¡rather¡¡than
yield£»¡¡must¡¡abandon¡¡their¡¡lands¡¡and¡¡remove¡¡into¡¡French¡¡territory¡£
At¡¡this¡¡point¡¡arises¡¡the¡¡question¡¡as¡¡to¡¡what¡¡were¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡of
this¡¡French¡¡territory¡£¡¡In¡¡yielding¡¡Acadia¡¡in¡¡1713£»¡¡France¡¡had¡¡not
defined¡¡its¡¡boundaries¡£¡¡The¡¡English¡¡claimed¡¡that¡¡it¡¡included¡¡the
whole¡¡region¡¡stretching¡¡northeastward¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Gulf¡¡of¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence
from¡¡the¡¡frontier¡¡of¡¡New¡¡England¡£¡¡The¡¡French£»¡¡however£»¡¡said¡¡that
Acadia¡¡meant¡¡only¡¡the¡¡peninsula¡¡of¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia¡¡ending¡¡at¡¡the
isthmus¡¡between¡¡Baie¡¡Verte¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Bay¡¡of¡¡Chignecto£»¡¡and¡¡for
years¡¡a¡¡Canadian¡¡force¡¡stood¡¡there¡¡on¡¡guard£»¡¡daring¡¡the¡¡British
to¡¡put¡¡a¡¡foot¡¡on¡¡the¡¡north¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡little¡¡river¡¡Missaguash£»
which¡¡the¡¡French¡¡said¡¡was¡¡the¡¡international¡¡boundary¡£
There¡¡was¡¡much¡¡excitement¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡in¡¡1750£»¡¡when¡¡an
English¡¡force¡¡landed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡isthmus¡¡and¡¡proceeded¡¡to¡¡throw¡¡up
defenses¡¡on¡¡the¡¡south¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡river¡£¡¡This¡¡outpost£»¡¡which¡¡in
due¡¡time¡¡became¡¡Fort¡¡Lawrence£»¡¡was¡¡placed¡¡on¡¡what¡¡even¡¡the¡¡French
admitted¡¡to¡¡be¡¡British¡¡territory¡£¡¡Forthwith¡¡on¡¡a¡¡hill¡¡two¡¡or
three¡¡miles¡¡away£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡supposed¡¡boundary£»¡¡the
French¡¡built¡¡Fort¡¡Beausejour¡£¡¡Le¡¡Loutre¡¡was¡¡on¡¡the¡¡spot£»
blustering¡¡and¡¡menacing¡£¡¡He¡¡told¡¡his¡¡Acadian¡¡parishioners¡¡of¡¡the
little¡¡village¡¡of¡¡Beaubassin£»¡¡near¡¡Fort¡¡Lawrence¡¡and¡¡within¡¡the
British¡¡area£»¡¡that¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡accept¡¡English¡¡rule¡¡they¡¡must¡¡now
abandon¡¡their¡¡lands¡¡and¡¡seek¡¡the¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡at¡¡Fort
Beausejour¡£¡¡With¡¡his¡¡own¡¡hands¡¡he¡¡set¡¡fire¡¡to¡¡the¡¡village¡¡church¡£
The¡¡houses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡were¡¡also¡¡burned¡£¡¡A¡¡whole¡¡district¡¡was
laid¡¡waste¡¡by¡¡fire¡£¡¡Women¡¡and¡¡children¡¡suffered¡¡fearful
privationsbut¡¡what¡¡did¡¡such¡¡things¡¡matter¡¡in¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡high
politics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡priest¡¡and¡¡of¡¡France£¿
During¡¡four¡¡or¡¡five¡¡years¡¡the¡¡hostile¡¡forts¡¡confronted¡¡each
other¡£¡¡In¡¡time¡¡of¡¡peace¡¡there¡¡was¡¡war¡£¡¡The¡¡French¡¡made¡¡Beausejour
a¡¡solid¡¡fort£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡still¡¡stands£»¡¡little¡¡altered£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡has
been¡¡abandoned¡¡for¡¡a¡¡century¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡chiefly¡¡the
Acadians£»¡¡nominal¡¡British¡¡subjects£»¡¡who¡¡built¡¡these¡¡thick¡¡walls¡£
The¡¡arrogant¡¡Micmacs¡¡demanded¡¡that¡¡the¡¡British¡¡should¡¡hand¡¡over
to¡¡them¡¡the¡¡best¡¡half¡¡of¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡emphasized¡¡their
demand¡¡by¡¡treachery¡¡and¡¡massacre¡£¡¡One¡¡day¡¡a¡¡man£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡uniform
of¡¡a¡¡French¡¡officer£»¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡small¡¡party£»¡¡approached¡¡Fort
Lawrence£»¡¡waving¡¡a¡¡white¡¡flag¡£¡¡Captain¡¡Howe¡¡with¡¡a¡¡small¡¡force
went¡¡out¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡him¡£¡¡As¡¡this¡¡party¡¡advanced£»¡¡Indians¡¡concealed
behind¡¡a¡¡dike¡¡fired¡¡and¡¡killed¡¡Howe¡¡and¡¡eight¡¡or¡¡ten¡¡others¡£¡¡Such
ruses¡¡were¡¡well¡¡fitted¡¡to¡¡cause¡¡among¡¡the¡¡English¡¡a¡¡resolve¡¡to
enforce¡¡severe¡¡measures¡£¡¡The¡¡fire¡¡burned¡¡slowly¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡end¡¡it
flamed¡¡up¡¡in¡¡a¡¡cruel¡¡and¡¡relentless¡¡temper¡£¡¡French¡¡policy£»¡¡too£»
showed¡¡no¡¡pity¡£¡¡The¡¡Governor¡¡of¡¡Canada¡¡and¡¡the¡¡colonial¡¡minister
in¡¡France¡¡were¡¡alike¡¡insistent¡¡that¡¡the¡¡English¡¡should¡¡be¡¡given
no¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡cared¡¡nothing¡¡for¡¡the¡¡sufferings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡unhappy
Acadians¡¡between¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡and¡¡the¡¡nether¡¡millstone¡£
At¡¡last£»¡¡in¡¡1755£»¡¡the¡¡English¡¡accomplished¡¡something¡¡decisive¡£
They¡¡sent¡¡an¡¡army¡¡to¡¡Fort¡¡Lawrence£»¡¡attacked¡¡Fort¡¡Beausejour£»
forced¡¡its¡¡timid¡¡commander¡¡Vergor¡¡to¡¡surrender£»¡¡mastered¡¡the
whole¡¡surrounding¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡obliged¡¡Le¡¡Loutre¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡fly
to¡¡Quebec¡£¡¡There¡¡he¡¡embarked¡¡for¡¡France¡£¡¡The¡¡English¡¡captured¡¡him
on¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡however£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡relentless¡¡and¡¡cruel¡¡priest¡¡spent
many¡¡years¡¡in¡¡an¡¡English¡¡prison¡£¡¡His¡¡later¡¡years£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡reached
France£»¡¡do¡¡him¡¡some¡¡credit¡£¡¡By¡¡that¡¡time¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡had¡¡been
driven¡¡from¡¡their¡¡homes¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡nearly¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡exiles¡¡in
England¡£¡¡Le¡¡Loutre¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡befriend¡¡these¡¡helpless¡¡people¡¡and
obtained¡¡homes¡¡for¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡in¡¡the¡¡parish¡¡of¡¡Belle¡Isle¡en¡
Mer¡¡in¡¡France¡£
In¡¡the¡¡meantime¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡Le¡¡Loutre's¡¡intrigues¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the
outrages¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡and¡¡their¡¡Indian¡¡allies¡¡was¡¡now¡¡to¡¡be¡¡paid
by¡¡the¡¡unhappy¡¡Acadians¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡and¡¡summer¡¡of¡¡1755£»
the¡¡British¡¡decided¡¡that¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡allegiance¡¡should¡¡be
settled¡¡at¡¡once£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡must¡¡take¡¡the¡¡oath¡£¡¡There
was¡¡need¡¡of¡¡urgency¡£¡¡The¡¡army¡¡at¡¡Fort¡¡Lawrence¡¡which¡¡had¡¡captured
Fort¡¡Beausejour¡¡was¡¡largely¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡men¡¡from¡¡New¡¡England£»¡¡and
these¡¡would¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡return¡¡to¡¡their¡¡homes¡¡for¡¡the¡¡winter¡£¡¡If¡¡the
Acadians¡¡remained¡¡and¡¡were¡¡hostile£»¡¡the¡¡country¡¡thus¡¡occupied¡¡at
laborious¡¡cost¡¡might¡¡quickly¡¡revert¡¡to¡¡the¡¡French¡£¡¡Already¡¡many
Acadians¡¡had¡¡fought¡¡on¡¡the¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them£»
disguised¡¡as¡¡Indians£»¡¡had¡¡joined¡¡in¡¡savage¡¡outrage¡£¡¡A¡¡French
fleet¡¡and¡¡a¡¡French¡¡army¡¡were¡¡reported¡¡as¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡arrive¡¡before
the¡¡winter¡£