the conquest of new france-第25章
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the old allies of the English; the Iroquois; were nervous for
their own safety。 The delegates to Albany; tied and bound by
instructions from their Assemblies; had to listen to plain words
from the savages。 The one Englishman who; in dealing with the
Indians; had tact and skill equal to that of Frontenac of old;
was an Irishman; Sir William Johnson。 To him the Iroquois made
indignant protests that the English were as ready as the French
to rob them of their lands。 If we find a bear in a tree; they
said; some one will spring up to claim that the tree belongs to
him and keep us from shooting the bear。 The French; they added;
are at least men who are prepared to fight; you weak and
un…prepared English are like women and any day the French may
turn
you out。 Benjamin Franklin told the delegates that they must
unite to meet a common enemy。 Unite; however; they would not。 No
one of them would surrender to a central body any authority
through which the power of the King over them might be increased。
The Congressthe word is full of omen for the futurefailed to
bring about the much…needed union。
In February; 1755; Braddock arrived in Virginia with his army;
and early in May he was on his march across the mountains with
regulars; militia; and Indians; to the number of nearly fifteen
hundred men; to attack Fort Duquesne and to rid the Ohio Valley
of the French。 He knew little of forest warfare with its use of
Indian scouts; its ambushes; its fighting from the cover of
trees。 On the 9th of July; on the Monongahela River; near Fort
Duquesne; in a struggle in the forest against French and Indians
he was defeated and killed。 George Washington was in the fight
and had to report to Dinwiddie the dismal record of what had
happened。 The frontier was aflame; and nearly all the Indians of
the West; seeing the rising star; went over to the French。 The
power of France was; for the time; supreme in the heart of the
continent。 At that moment even far away in the lone land about
the Saskatchewan; the English trader; Hendry; had to admit that
the French knew better than the English how to attract the
support of the savage tribes。
Meanwhile Dieskau had arrived at Quebec。 In the colony of New
York Sir William Johnson; the rough and cheery Irishman; much
loved of the Iroquois; was gathering forces to attack Canada。
Early in July; 1755; Johnson had more than three thousand
provincial troops at Albany; a motley horde of embattled farmers;
most of them with no uniforms; dressed in their own homespun;
carrying their own muskets; electing their own officers; and
altogether; from the strict soldier's point of view; a rabble
rather than an army。 To meet this force and destroy it if he
could; Dieskau took to the French fort at Crown Point; on Lake
Champlain; and southward from there to Ticonderoga at the head of
this lake; some three thousand five hundred men; including his
French regulars; some Canadians and Indians。 Johnson's force lay
at Fort George; later Fort William Henry; the most southerly
point on Lake George。 The names; given by Johnson himself; show
how the dull Hanoverian kings and their offspring were held in
honor by the Irish diplomat who was looking for favors at court。
The two armies met on the shores of Lake George early in
September and there was an all…day fight。 Each side lost some two
hundred men。 Among those who perished on the French side was
Legardeur de Saint…Pierre; who had escaped all the perils of the
western wilderness to meet his fate in this border struggle。 The
honors of the day seem to have been with Johnson; for the French
were driven off and Dieskau himself; badly wounded; was taken
prisoner。 That Johnson had great difficulty in keeping his
savages from burning alive and then boiling and eating Dieskau
and smoking his flesh in their pipes; in revenge for some of
their chiefs killed in the fight; shows what an alliance with
Indians meant。
There was small gain to the English from Johnson's success。 He
was too cautious to advance towards Canada; and; as winter came
on; he broke up his camp and sent his men to their homes。 The
colonies had no permanent military equipment。 Each autumn their
forces were dissolved to be reorganized again in the following
spring; a lame method of waging war。
For three years longer in the valley of the Ohio; as elsewhere;
the star of France remained in the ascendant。 It began to decline
only when; farther east; on the Atlantic; superior forces sent
out from England were able to check the French。 During the summer
of 1758; while Wolfe and Boscawen were pounding the walls of
Louisbourg; seven thousand troops led by General Forbes; Colonel
George Washington; and Colonel Henry Bouquet; pushed their way
through the wilds beyond the Alleghanies and took possession of
the Ohio。 The French destroyed Fort Duquesne and fled。 On the
25th of November the English occupied the place and named it
〃Pitts…Bourgh〃 in honor of their great war minister。
CHAPTER VII。 The Expulsion Of The Acadians
We have now to turn back over a number of years to see what has
been happening in Acadia; that oldest and most easterly part of
New France which in 1710 fell into British hands。 Since the
Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 the Acadians had been nominally British
subjects。 But the Frenchman; hardly less than the Jew; is
difficult of absorption by other racial types。 We have already
noted the natural aim of France to recover what she had lost and
her use of the priests to hold the Acadians to her interests。 The
Acadians were secure in the free exercise of their religion。 They
had no secular leaders and few; if any; clergy of their own。 They
were led chiefly by priests; subjects of France; who; though
working in British territory; owned no allegiance to Great
Britain; and were directed by the Bishop of Quebec。
For forty years the question of the Acadians remained unsettled。
Under the Treaty of 1713 the Acadians might leave the country。 If
they remained a year they must become British subjects。 When;
however; in 1715; two years after the conclusion of the treaty;
they were required to take the oath of allegiance to the new
King; George I; they declared that they could not do so; since
they were about to move to Cape Breton。 When George II came to
the throne in 1727; the oath was again demanded。 Still; however;
the Acadians were between two fires。 Their Indian neighbors;
influenced by the French; threatened them with massacre if they
took the oath; while the British declared that they would forfeit
their farms if they refused。 The truth is that the British did
not wish to press the alternative。 To drive out the Acadians
would be to strengthen the neighboring French colony of Cape
Breton。 To force on them the oath might even cause a rising which
would overwhelm the few English in Nova Scotia。 So the tradition;
never formally accepted by the British; grew up that; while the
Acadians owed obedience to George II; they would be neutral in
case of war with France。 A common name for them used by the
British themselves was that of the Neutral French。 In time of
peace the Acadians could be left to themselves。 When; however;
war broke out between Britain and France the question of loyalty
became acute。 Such war there was in 1744。 Without doubt; some
Acadians then helped the Frenchbut it was; as they protested;
only under compulsion and; as far as they could; they seem to
have refused to aid either side。 The British muttered threats
that subjects of their King who would not fight for him had no
right to protection under British law。 Even then feeling was so
high that there was talk of driving the Acadians from their farms
and setting them adrift; and these poor people trembled for their
own fate when the British victors at Louisbourg in 1745 removed
the French population to France。 Assurances came from the British
government; however; that there was no