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the buffalo。 〃Saw many herds of Buffalo grazing like English

cattle;〃 he says; on the 13th of September; and the next day he

goes buffalo hunting。 Guns and ammunition were costly。 His

Indians; who used only bows and arrows; on this day killed

seven〃fine sport;〃 says Hendry。 Often the Indians took only the

tongue; leaving the carcass for the wolves; who naturally

abounded in such advantageous conditions。 It is not easy now to

imagine the part played by the buffalo in the life of the


prairie。 As Hendry advanced the herds were so dense as sometimes

to retard his progress。 Other writers tell of the vast numbers of

these creatures。 Alexander Henry; the younger; writing on April

1; 1801; says that in a river swollen by spring floods; drowned

buffalo floated past his camp in one continuous line for two days

and two nights。 In prairie fires thousands were blinded and would

go tumbling down banks into streams or lie down to die。 One

morning the bellowing of buffaloes awakened Henry and he looked

out to see the prairie black。 〃The ground was covered at every

point of the compass; as far as the eye could reach; and every

animal was in motion。〃



Daily as Hendry advanced he saw smoke in the distance and his

Indians told him that it came from the camp of the Blackfeet。 He

reached them on Monday the 14th of October。 When four miles away

he was stopped by mounted scouts who asked whether he came as a

friend or as an enemy。 He was taken to the camp of two hundred

tents pitched in two rows; and was led through the long passage

between the tents to the big tent of the chief of whom he had

heard much。 Not a word was spoken。 The chief sat on a white

buffalo skin。 Pipes were passed round and each person was

presented with boiled buffalo flesh。 When talk began; Hendry told

the chief that his great leader had sent him to invite them to

come to trade at Hudson Bay where his people would get powder;

shot; guns; cloth; beads; and other things。 The chief said it was

faraway; and his people knew nothing of paddling。 Such strangers

to great waters were they that they would not even eat fish。 They

despised Hendry's tobacco。 What they smoked was dried horse dung。

In the end Hendry was dismissed and ordered to make his camp a

quarter of a mile away from that of the Blackfeet。



It was close by the present site of Calgary and apparently in

full view; on clear days; of the white peaks of the Rocky

Mountains that Hendry visited the Blackfeet。 He lingered in the

far western country through the greater part of the winter。 On a

portion of his return journey he used a horse。 When the spring

thaw came; once more he took to the water in canoes。 He complains

of the idleness of his Indian companions who would remain in

their huts all day and never stir to lay up a store of food even

when game was abundant。 Conjuring; dancing to the hideous

pounding of drums; feasting and smoking; were their amusements。

On his way back Hendry revisited the French post on the

Saskatchewan。 The leader; no doubt St。 Luc de la Corne; had

returned from Montreal and now had with him nine men。 〃The

master;〃 says Hendry; 〃 invited me in to sup with him; and was

very kind。 He is dressed very Genteel。〃 He showed Hendry his

stock of furs; 〃a brave parcel;〃 the admiring rival thought。

Hendry admits the superiority of the French as traders。 They

〃talk Several Languages to perfection; they have the advantage of

us in every shape。〃 In the West; as in the East; France was

recognized as a formidable rival of England for the mastery of

North America。



When Hendry was making his peaceful visit to the French fort in

1755; the crisis of the struggle had just been reached。 In that

year the battle line from Acadia to the Ohio and the Mississippi

was already forming; and the fate of France's eager efforts to

hold the West was soon to be decided in the East。 If Britain

should conquer on the St。 Lawrence; she would conquer also on the

Saskatchewan and on the Mississippi。



Conquer she did; and thus it happened that it was Britain's sons

who took up the later burdens of the discoverer。 In the summer of

1789; just at the time when the great Revolution was beginning in

France; Alexander Mackenzie; a Scotch trader from Montreal;

starting from Lake Athabasca; north of the farthest point reached

by Hendry; was pressing still onward into an unknown region to

find a river which might lead to the sea。 This river he found; we

know it now as the Mackenzie。 For two weeks he and his Indians

and voyageurs paddled with the current down this mighty stream;

and on July 14; 1789; the day of the fall of the Bastille; he saw

whales sporting in Arctic waters。



The real goal which Mackenzie sought was that of La Verendrye; a

western and not a northern ocean。 Three years later; after months

of preparation; he attempted the great feat of crossing the Rocky

Mountains to the sea。 After nine months of rugged travel; across

mountain streams and gorges; in peril daily from hostile savages;

on July 22; 1793; he reached the shore of the Pacific Ocean; the

first white man to go by land over the width of the continent

from sea to sea。 It was thus a Scotchman who achieved that of

which La Verendrye had so long dreamed; and with no aid from the

state but with only the resources of a trading company。



Ten years later; when France sold to the United States her last

remaining territory of Louisiana; the American Government

equipped an expedition under Lewis and Clark to cross the Rocky

Mountains by way of the Missouri; the route from which the La

Verendrye brothers had been obliged to turn back。 The party began

the ascent of the Missouri on May 14; 1804; and arrived in the

Mandan country in the late autumn。 Here they spent the winter of

1804…05。 Not until November 15; 1805; had they completed the hard

journey across the Rocky Mountains and reached the mouth of the

Columbia River on the Pacific Ocean。 Little did La Verendrye; in

his eager search for the Western Sea; imagine the difficulties to

be encountered and the hardships to be endured by those who were

destined; in later days; to realize his dream。







CHAPTER VI。 The Valley Of The Ohio



Almost at the moment in 1749 when British ships were lying at

anchor in Halifax harbor and sending to shore hundreds of

boatloads of dazed and expectant settlers for the new colony;

there had set out from Montreal; in the interests of France; an

expedition with designs so far…reaching that we wonder still at

the stupendous issues involved in efforts which seem so petty。

The purpose of France was now to make good her claim to the whole

vast West。 It was a picturesque company which pushed its canoes

from the shore at Lachine on the 15th of June; six days before

the British squadron reached Halifax。 There was a procession of

twenty…three great birchbark canoes well filled; for in them were

more than two hundred men; at least ten in each canoe; together

with the necessary impedimenta for a long journey。 There were

twenty soldiers in uniform; a hundred and eighty Canadians

skilled in paddling and in carrying canoes and freight over the

portages; a band of Indians; and fourteen officers with Celoron

de Blainville at their head。



The acting Governor of Canada at this time was a dwarf in

physique; but a giant in intellect; the brilliant naval officer;

the Marquis de la Galissoniere; destined later to inflict upon

the English in the Mediterranean the naval defeat which caused

the execution of Admiral Byng as a coward。 This remarkable

manplanning; like his predecessor Frontenac; on a scale suited

to world politicssaw that the peace of 1748 settled nothing;

that in the balance now was the whole future of North America;

and that victory would be to the alert and the strong。 He chose


Celoron; the most capable of the hardy young Canadian noblesse

whom he had at hand; a man accustomed to the life of the forest;

and sent with 

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