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many¡¡Indian¡¡tribes¡¡in¡¡this¡¡region¡¡made¡¡the¡¡advance¡¡difficult¡£¡¡The

tribes¡¡inhabiting¡¡the¡¡west¡¡bank¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡were

especially¡¡restless¡¡and¡¡savage¡£¡¡The¡¡Sioux£»¡¡in¡¡particular£»¡¡made

life¡¡perilous¡¡for¡¡the¡¡French¡¡at¡¡their¡¡posts¡¡near¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡the

Missouri¡£



It¡¡thus¡¡happened¡¡that¡¡the¡¡white¡¡man¡¡first¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡remoter

West¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡regions¡¡farther¡¡north¡£¡¡It¡¡became¡¡easy¡¡enough¡¡to

coast¡¡along¡¡the¡¡north¡¡and¡¡the¡¡south¡¡shore¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Superior£»¡¡easy

enough¡¡to¡¡find¡¡rivers¡¡which¡¡fed¡¡the¡¡great¡¡system¡¡of¡¡the¡¡St¡£

Lawrence¡¡or¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡£¡¡These£»¡¡however£»¡¡would¡¡not¡¡solve

the¡¡mystery¡£¡¡A¡¡river¡¡flowing¡¡westward¡¡was¡¡still¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sought¡£

Thus£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fur¡¡trade¡¡and¡¡in¡¡quest¡¡of¡¡the

Western¡¡Sea£»¡¡the¡¡French¡¡advanced¡¡westward¡¡from¡¡Lake¡¡Superior¡£

Where¡¡now¡¡stands¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Fort¡¡William¡¡there¡¡flows¡¡into¡¡Lake

Superior¡¡the¡¡little¡¡stream¡¡called¡¡still¡¡by¡¡its¡¡Indian¡¡name¡¡of

Kaministiquia¡£¡¡There¡¡the¡¡French¡¡had¡¡long¡¡maintained¡¡a

trading¡­post¡¡from¡¡which¡¡they¡¡made¡¡adventurous¡¡journeys¡¡northward

and¡¡westward¡£



The¡¡rugged¡¡regions¡¡still¡¡farther¡¡north¡¡had¡¡already¡¡been¡¡explored£»

at¡¡least¡¡in¡¡outline¡£¡¡There¡¡lay¡¡the¡¡great¡¡inland¡¡sea¡¡known¡¡as

Hudson¡¡Bay¡£¡¡French¡¡and¡¡English¡¡had¡¡long¡¡disputed¡¡for¡¡its¡¡mastery¡£

By¡¡1670¡¡the¡¡English¡¡had¡¡found¡¡trade¡¡to¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay¡¡so¡¡promising

that¡¡they¡¡then¡¡created¡¡the¡¡Hudson's¡¡Bay¡¡Company£»¡¡which¡¡remains

one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡trading¡¡corporations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡With¡¡the

English¡¡on¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay£»¡¡New¡¡France¡¡was¡¡between¡¡English¡¡on¡¡the

north¡¡and¡¡English¡¡on¡¡the¡¡south¡¡and¡¡did¡¡not¡¡like¡¡it¡£¡¡On¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay

the¡¡English¡¡showed¡¡the¡¡same¡¡characteristics¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡shown

in¡¡New¡¡England¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡not¡¡stirred¡¡by¡¡vivid¡¡imaginings¡¡of¡¡what

might¡¡be¡¡found¡¡westward¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡low¡­lying¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great

inland¡¡sea¡£¡¡They¡¡came¡¡for¡¡trade£»¡¡planted¡¡themselves¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mouths

of¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡rivers£»¡¡unpacked¡¡their¡¡goods£»¡¡and¡¡waited¡¡for¡¡the

natives¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡barter¡¡with¡¡them¡£¡¡For¡¡many¡¡years¡¡the¡¡natives

came£»¡¡since¡¡they¡¡must¡¡have¡¡the¡¡knives£»¡¡hatchets£»¡¡and¡¡firearms¡¡of

Europe¡£¡¡To¡¡share¡¡this¡¡profitable¡¡trade¡¡the¡¡French£»¡¡now¡¡going

overland¡¡to¡¡the¡¡north¡¡from¡¡Quebec£»¡¡now¡¡sailing¡¡into¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay¡¡by

the¡¡Straits£»¡¡attacked¡¡the¡¡English£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡those¡¡dreary¡¡waters£»

long¡¡before¡¡the¡¡Great¡¡West¡¡was¡¡known£»¡¡there¡¡had¡¡been¡¡many¡¡a¡¡naval

battle£»¡¡many¡¡a¡¡hand¡­to¡­hand¡¡fight¡¡for¡¡forts¡¡and¡¡their¡¡rich¡¡prize

of¡¡furs¡£



The¡¡chief¡¡French¡¡hero¡¡in¡¡this¡¡struggle¡¡was¡¡that¡¡son¡¡of¡¡Charles¡¡Le

Moyne¡¡of¡¡Montreal£»¡¡Pierre¡¡Le¡¡Moyne¡¡d'Iberville£»¡¡who¡¡ended¡¡his

days¡¡in¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡founding¡¡the¡¡French¡¡colony¡¡of¡¡Louisiana¡£¡¡He

was¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡most¡¡notable¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡adventurous¡¡leaders¡¡whom

New¡¡France¡¡produced¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡first¡¡on¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay¡¡in¡¡the¡¡late

summer¡¡of¡¡1686£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡party¡¡of¡¡about¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡men£»¡¡led¡¡by¡¡the

Chevalier¡¡de¡¡Troyes£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡marched¡¡overland¡¡from¡¡Quebec¡¡through

the¡¡wilderness¡£¡¡The¡¡English¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Bay£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡charter¡¡from¡¡King

Charles¡¡II£»¡¡the¡¡friend¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡a¡¡time¡¡of¡¡profound

peace¡¡under¡¡his¡¡successor£»¡¡thought¡¡themselves¡¡secure¡£¡¡They¡¡now

had£»¡¡however£»¡¡a¡¡rude¡¡awakening¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡dead¡¡of¡¡night¡¡the

Frenchmen¡¡fell¡¡upon¡¡Fort¡¡Hayes£»¡¡captured¡¡its¡¡dazed¡¡garrison£»¡¡and

looted¡¡the¡¡place¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡fate¡¡befell¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡English

posts¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Bay¡£¡¡Iberville¡¡gained¡¡a¡¡rich¡¡store¡¡of¡¡furs¡¡as¡¡his

share¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plunder¡¡and¡¡returned¡¡with¡¡it¡¡to¡¡Quebec¡¡in¡¡1687£»¡¡just

at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡La¡¡Salle£»¡¡that¡¡other¡¡pioneer¡¡of¡¡France£»¡¡was

struck¡¡down¡¡in¡¡the¡¡distant¡¡south¡¡by¡¡a¡¡murderer's¡¡hand¡£



Iberville¡¡was£»¡¡above¡¡all¡¡else£»¡¡a¡¡sailor¡£¡¡The¡¡easiest¡¡route¡¡to

Hudson¡¡Bay¡¡was¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡More¡¡than¡¡once¡¡after¡¡his¡¡first

experience¡¡he¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Bay¡¡a¡¡naval¡¡expedition¡£¡¡His¡¡exploits¡¡are

still¡¡remembered¡¡with¡¡pride¡¡in¡¡French¡¡naval¡¡annals¡£¡¡In¡¡1697¡¡he

sailed¡¡the¡¡Pelican¡¡through¡¡the¡¡ice¡­floes¡¡of¡¡Hudson¡¡Straits¡£¡¡He

was¡¡attacked¡¡by¡¡three¡¡English¡¡merchantmen£»¡¡with¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡and

twenty¡¡guns¡¡against¡¡his¡¡forty¡­four¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡English¡¡ships

escaped£»¡¡one¡¡Iberville¡¡sank¡¡with¡¡all¡¡on¡¡board£»¡¡one¡¡he¡¡captured¡£

That¡¡autumn¡¡the¡¡hardy¡¡corsair¡¡was¡¡in¡¡France¡¡with¡¡a¡¡great¡¡booty

from¡¡the¡¡furs¡¡which¡¡the¡¡English¡¡had¡¡laboriously¡¡gathered¡£



The¡¡triumph¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡on¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay¡¡was¡¡short¡­lived¡£¡¡Their

exploits£»¡¡though¡¡brilliant¡¡and¡¡daring£»¡¡were¡¡more¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of

raids¡¡than¡¡attempts¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡and¡¡explore¡£¡¡They¡¡did¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than

the¡¡English¡¡to¡¡ascend¡¡the¡¡Nelson¡¡or¡¡other¡¡rivers¡¡to¡¡find¡¡what¡¡lay

beyond£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1718£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Treaty¡¡of¡¡Utrecht£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡already

seen£»¡¡they¡¡gave¡¡up¡¡all¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay¡¡and¡¡yielded¡¡that

region¡¡to¡¡the¡¡English¡£



Pierre¡¡Gaultier¡¡de¡¡Varennes£»¡¡Sieur¡¡de¡¡la¡¡Verendrye£»¡¡was¡¡a¡¡member

of¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡noblesse£»¡¡a¡¡son¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Governor¡¡of¡¡Three¡¡Rivers

on¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡born¡¡in¡¡1685¡¡and¡¡had¡¡taken¡¡part¡¡in

the¡¡border¡¡warfare¡¡of¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡Queen¡¡Anne¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of

the¡¡raiding¡¡party¡¡led¡¡against¡¡New¡¡England¡¡by¡¡Hertel¡¡de¡¡Rouville

in¡¡1704¡¡and¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡burst¡¡in¡¡on¡¡the¡¡little

town¡¡of¡¡Deerfield£»¡¡Massachusetts£»¡¡and¡¡either¡¡butchered¡¡or¡¡carried

off¡¡as¡¡prisoners¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡£¡¡Shortly¡¡afterwards¡¡we

find¡¡him¡¡a¡¡participant¡¡in¡¡warfare¡¡of¡¡a¡¡less¡¡ignoble¡¡type¡£¡¡In¡¡1706

he¡¡went¡¡to¡¡France¡¡and¡¡became¡¡an¡¡ensign¡¡in¡¡a¡¡regiment¡¡of

grenadiers¡£¡¡Those¡¡were¡¡the¡¡days¡¡when¡¡Marlborough¡¡was¡¡hammering

and¡¡destroying¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡of¡¡Louis¡¡XIV¡£¡¡La¡¡Verendrye£»¡¡took¡¡part

in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡of¡¡the¡¡series¡¡of¡¡great¡¡battles£»¡¡the¡¡bloody¡¡conflict

at¡¡Malplaquet¡¡in¡¡1709¡£¡¡He¡¡received¡¡a¡¡bullet¡¡wound¡¡through¡¡the

body£»¡¡was¡¡left¡¡for¡¡dead¡¡on¡¡the¡¡field£»¡¡fell¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the

enemy£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡fifteen¡¡months¡¡was¡¡a¡¡captive¡£¡¡On¡¡his¡¡release¡¡he

was¡¡too¡¡poor¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡himself¡¡as¡¡an¡¡officer¡¡in¡¡France¡¡and¡¡soon

returned¡¡to¡¡Canada£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡served¡¡as¡¡an¡¡officer¡¡in¡¡a¡¡colonial

regiment¡¡until¡¡the¡¡peace¡¡of¡¡1713¡£¡¡Then¡¡the¡¡ambitious¡¡young¡¡man£»

recently¡¡married£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡growing¡¡family¡¡and¡¡slight¡¡resources£»¡¡had

to¡¡work¡¡out¡¡a¡¡career¡¡suited¡¡to¡¡his¡¡genius¡£



His¡¡genius¡¡was¡¡that¡¡of¡¡an¡¡explorer£»¡¡his¡¡task£»¡¡which¡¡fully

occupied¡¡his¡¡alert¡¡mind£»¡¡was¡¡that¡¡of¡¡finding¡¡the¡¡long¡¡dreamed¡¡of

passage¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡Sea¡£¡¡The¡¡venture¡¡certainly¡¡offered

fascinations¡£¡¡Noyon£»¡¡a¡¡fellow¡­townsman¡¡of¡¡La¡¡Verendrye¡¡at¡¡Three

Rivers£»¡¡had¡¡brought¡¡back¡¡from¡¡the¡¡distant¡¡Lake¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Woods£»¡¡in

1716£»¡¡a¡¡glowing¡¡account£»¡¡told¡¡to¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the¡¡natives£»¡¡of¡¡walled

cities£»¡¡of¡¡ships¡¡and¡¡cannon£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡white¡­bearded¡¡men¡¡who¡¡lived

farther¡¡west¡£¡¡In¡¡1720¡¡the¡¡Jesuit¡¡Charlevoix£»¡¡already¡¡familiar

with¡¡Canada£»¡¡came¡¡out¡¡from¡¡France£»¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Mississippi

country£»¡¡and¡¡reported¡¡that¡¡an¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡find¡¡the¡¡path¡¡to¡¡the

Western¡¡Sea¡¡might¡¡be¡¡made¡¡either¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡or

farther¡¡north¡¡through¡¡the¡¡country¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sioux¡¡west¡¡of¡¡Lake

Superior¡£¡¡Both¡¡routes¡¡involved¡¡going¡¡among¡¡warlike¡¡native¡¡tribes

engaged¡¡in¡¡incessant¡¡and¡¡bloody¡¡struggles¡¡with¡¡each¡¡other¡¡and¡¡not

unlikely¡¡to¡¡turn¡¡on¡¡the¡¡white¡¡intruder¡£¡¡Memorial¡¡after¡¡memorial

to¡¡the¡¡French¡¡court¡¡for¡¡assistance¡¡resulted¡¡at¡¡last¡¡in¡¡serious

effort£»¡¡but¡¡effort¡¡handicapped¡¡because¡¡the¡¡court¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡a

monopoly¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fur¡¡trade¡¡was¡¡the¡¡only¡¡inducement¡¡required¡¡to

promote¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡discovery¡£



La¡¡Verendrye¡¡was¡¡more¡¡eager¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡Sea¡¡than¡¡he¡¡was

to¡¡trade¡£¡¡To¡¡outward¡¡seeming£»¡¡however£»¡¡he¡¡became¡¡just¡¡a¡¡fur

trader¡¡and¡¡a¡¡successful¡¡one¡£¡¡We¡¡find¡¡him£»¡¡in¡¡1726£»¡¡at¡¡the

trading¡­post¡¡of¡¡Nipigon£»¡¡not¡¡far¡¡from¡¡the¡¡lake¡¡of¡¡that¡¡name£»¡¡near

the¡¡north¡¡shore¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Superior¡£¡¡From¡¡this¡¡point¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡very

difficult¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡shore¡¡of¡¡one¡¡great¡¡sea£»¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay£»¡¡but

that¡¡was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡Sea¡¡which¡¡fired¡¡his¡¡imagination¡£

Incessantly¡¡he¡¡questioned¡¡the¡¡savages¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡traded¡¡about

what¡¡lay¡¡in¡¡the¡¡unknown¡¡West¡£¡¡His¡¡zeal¡¡was¡¡kindled¡¡anew¡¡by¡¡the

talk¡¡of¡¡an¡¡Indian¡¡named¡¡Ochagach¡£¡¡This¡¡man¡¡said¡¡that¡¡he¡¡himself

had¡¡been¡¡on¡¡a¡¡great¡¡lake¡¡lying¡¡west¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Superior£»¡¡that¡¡out¡¡of

it¡¡flowed¡¡a¡¡river¡¡westward£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡paddled¡¡down¡¡this¡¡river

until¡¡he¡¡came¡¡to¡¡water¡¡which£»¡¡as¡¡La¡¡Verendrye¡¡understood£»¡¡rose

and¡¡fell¡¡like¡¡the¡¡tide¡£¡¡Farther£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡the

river£»¡¡the¡¡savage¡¡had¡¡not¡¡gone£»¡¡for¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡enemies£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡had

been¡¡told¡¡that¡¡it¡¡emptied¡¡into¡¡a¡¡great¡¡body¡¡o

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