±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the conquest of new france >

µÚ12ÕÂ

the conquest of new france-µÚ12ÕÂ

С˵£º the conquest of new france ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




not£»¡¡however£»¡¡console¡¡France¡¡for¡¡the¡¡cession¡¡of¡¡Acadia¡£¡¡The¡¡fixed

idea¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡shaped¡¡the¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡Canada¡¡was¡¡to¡¡recover

Acadia¡¡and¡¡meanwhile¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡its¡¡French¡¡settlers¡¡loyal¡¡to¡¡France¡£

The¡¡Acadians¡¡were¡¡not¡¡a¡¡promising¡¡people¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡to¡¡work¡£¡¡In

Acadia£»¡¡or¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡English¡¡called¡¡it£»¡¡these¡¡backward

people¡¡had¡¡slowly¡¡gathered¡¡during¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡and¡¡had

remained¡¡remote¡¡and¡¡neglected¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡cleared¡¡farms£»¡¡built

primitive¡¡houses£»¡¡planted¡¡orchards£»¡¡and¡¡reared¡¡cattle¡£¡¡In¡¡1713

their¡¡number¡¡did¡¡not¡¡exceed¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡thousand£»¡¡but¡¡already

they¡¡were¡¡showing¡¡the¡¡amazing¡¡fertility¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡race¡¡in

America¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡prosperous¡¡but¡¡ignorant¡£¡¡Almost¡¡none¡¡of¡¡them

could¡¡read¡£¡¡After¡¡the¡¡cession¡¡of¡¡their¡¡land¡¡to¡¡Britain¡¡in¡¡1713

they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡guaranteed¡¡by¡¡treaty¡¡the¡¡free¡¡exercise¡¡of¡¡their

religion¡¡and¡¡they¡¡were¡¡Catholics¡¡to¡¡a¡¡man¡£¡¡It¡¡seems¡¡as¡¡if¡¡history

need¡¡hardly¡¡mention¡¡a¡¡people¡¡so¡¡feeble¡¡and¡¡obscure¡£

Circumstances£»¡¡however£»¡¡made¡¡the¡¡role¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡important¡£

Their¡¡position¡¡was¡¡unique¡£¡¡The¡¡Treaty¡¡of¡¡Utrecht¡¡gave¡¡them¡¡the

right¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡Acadia¡¡within¡¡a¡¡year£»¡¡taking¡¡with¡¡them¡¡their

personal¡¡effects¡£¡¡To¡¡this¡¡Queen¡¡Anne¡¡added¡¡the¡¡just¡¡privilege¡¡of

selling¡¡their¡¡lands¡¡and¡¡houses¡£¡¡Neither¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡themselves£»

however£»¡¡nor¡¡their¡¡new¡¡British¡¡masters¡¡were¡¡desirous¡¡that¡¡they

should¡¡leave¡£¡¡The¡¡Acadians¡¡were¡¡content¡¡in¡¡their¡¡old¡¡homes£»¡¡and

the¡¡British¡¡did¡¡not¡¡wish¡¡them¡¡to¡¡help¡¡in¡¡building¡¡up¡¡the

neighboring¡¡French¡¡stronghold¡¡on¡¡Cape¡¡Breton¡£¡¡It¡¡thus¡¡happened

that¡¡the¡¡French¡¡officials¡¡could¡¡induce¡¡few¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Acadians¡¡to

migrate¡¡and¡¡the¡¡English¡¡troubled¡¡them¡¡little¡£¡¡Having¡¡been

resolute¡¡in¡¡acquiring¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia£»¡¡Britain¡¡proceeded¡¡straightway

to¡¡neglect¡¡it¡£¡¡She¡¡brought¡¡in¡¡few¡¡settlers¡£¡¡She¡¡kept¡¡there¡¡less

than¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡soldiers¡¡and¡¡even¡¡to¡¡these¡¡she¡¡paid¡¡so¡¡little

attention¡¡that¡¡sometimes¡¡they¡¡had¡¡no¡¡uniforms¡£¡¡The¡¡Acadians

prospered£»¡¡multiplied£»¡¡and¡¡quarreled¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡boundaries¡¡of

their¡¡lands¡£¡¡They¡¡rendered¡¡no¡¡military¡¡service£»¡¡paid¡¡no¡¡taxes£»

and¡¡had¡¡the¡¡country¡¡to¡¡themselves¡¡as¡¡completely¡¡as¡¡if¡¡there¡¡had

been¡¡no¡¡British¡¡conquest¡£¡¡They¡¡rarely¡¡saw¡¡a¡¡British¡¡official¡£¡¡If

they¡¡asked¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Governor¡¡at¡¡Annapolis¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡for¡¡them

some¡¡vexed¡¡question¡¡of¡¡rights¡¡or¡¡ownership¡¡he¡¡did¡¡so¡¡and¡¡they¡¡did

not¡¡even¡¡pay¡¡a¡¡fee¡£



This¡¡is¡¡not£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡story¡£¡¡England's¡¡neglect¡¡of¡¡the

colony¡¡was¡¡France's¡¡opportunity¡£¡¡Perhaps¡¡the¡¡French¡¡court¡¡did¡¡not

follow¡¡closely¡¡what¡¡was¡¡going¡¡on¡¡in¡¡Acadia¡£¡¡The¡¡successive¡¡French

Governors¡¡of¡¡Canada¡¡at¡¡Quebec¡¡were£»¡¡however£»¡¡alert£»¡¡and¡¡their

policy¡¡was¡¡to¡¡incite¡¡the¡¡Abenaki¡¡Indians¡¡on¡¡the¡¡New¡¡England

frontier¡¡to¡¡harass¡¡the¡¡English¡¡settlements£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡the

Acadians¡¡an¡¡active¡¡factor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡support¡¡of¡¡French¡¡plans¡£¡¡The

nature¡¡of¡¡French¡¡intrigue¡¡is¡¡best¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡career¡¡of¡¡Sebastien

Rale¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a¡¡highly¡¡educated¡¡Jesuit¡¡priest¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡long¡¡a

tradition¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Jesuits¡¡to¡¡send¡¡some¡¡of¡¡their¡¡best¡¡men¡¡as

missionaries¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Indians¡£¡¡Rale¡¡spent¡¡nearly¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of

his¡¡life¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Abenakis¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mission¡¡station¡¡of¡¡Norridgewock

on¡¡the¡¡Kennebec¡¡River¡£¡¡He¡¡knew¡¡the¡¡language¡¡and¡¡the¡¡customs¡¡of

the¡¡Indians£»¡¡attended¡¡their¡¡councils£»¡¡and¡¡dominated¡¡them¡¡by¡¡his

influence¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a¡¡model¡¡missionary£»¡¡earnest¡¡and¡¡scholarly¡£¡¡But

the¡¡Jesuit¡¡of¡¡that¡¡age¡¡was¡¡prone¡¡to¡¡be¡¡half¡¡spiritual¡¡zealot£»

half¡¡political¡¡intriguer¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡had

a¡¡genuine¡¡fear¡¡that¡¡the¡¡English£»¡¡with¡¡danger¡¡from¡¡France

apparently¡¡removed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Treaty¡¡of¡¡Utrecht£»¡¡would¡¡press¡¡claims

to¡¡lands¡¡about¡¡the¡¡Kennebec¡¡River¡¡in¡¡what¡¡is¡¡now¡¡the¡¡State¡¡of

Maine£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡they¡¡would¡¡ignore¡¡the¡¡claims¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡and

drive¡¡them¡¡out¡£¡¡The¡¡Governor¡¡at¡¡Quebec¡¡helped¡¡to¡¡arouse¡¡the

savages¡¡against¡¡the¡¡arrogant¡¡intruders¡£¡¡English¡¡border¡¡ruffians

stirred¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡by¡¡their¡¡drunken¡¡outrages¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡them¡¡real

cause¡¡for¡¡anger¡£¡¡The¡¡savages¡¡knew¡¡only¡¡one¡¡way¡¡of¡¡expressing

political¡¡unrest¡£¡¡They¡¡began¡¡murdering¡¡women¡¡and¡¡children¡¡in

raids¡¡on¡¡lonely¡¡log¡¡cabins¡¡on¡¡the¡¡frontier¡£¡¡The¡¡inevitable¡¡result

was¡¡that¡¡in¡¡1721¡¡Massachusetts¡¡began¡¡a¡¡war¡¡on¡¡them¡¡which¡¡dragged

on¡¡for¡¡years¡£¡¡Rale£»¡¡inspired¡¡from¡¡Quebec£»¡¡was¡¡believed¡¡to¡¡control

the¡¡Indians¡¡and£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡boasted¡¡that¡¡he¡¡did¡¡so¡£¡¡At¡¡last¡¡the

English¡¡struck¡¡at¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the¡¡trouble¡£¡¡In¡¡1724¡¡some¡¡two

hundred¡¡determined¡¡men¡¡made¡¡a¡¡silent¡¡advance¡¡through¡¡the¡¡forest

to¡¡the¡¡mission¡¡village¡¡of¡¡Norridgewock¡¡where¡¡Rale¡¡lived£»¡¡and¡¡Rale

died¡¡fighting¡¡the¡¡assailants¡£¡¡In¡¡Europe¡¡a¡¡French¡¡Jesuit¡¡such¡¡as

he¡¡would¡¡have¡¡worked¡¡among¡¡diplomats¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡luxurious¡¡courts

of¡¡kings¡£¡¡In¡¡America¡¡he¡¡worked¡¡among¡¡savages¡¡under¡¡the¡¡hard

conditions¡¡of¡¡frontier¡¡life¡£¡¡The¡¡methods¡¡and¡¡the¡¡aims¡¡in¡¡both

cases¡¡were¡¡the¡¡sameby¡¡subtle¡¡and¡¡secret¡¡influence¡¡so¡¡to¡¡mold

the¡¡actions¡¡of¡¡men¡¡that¡¡France¡¡should¡¡be¡¡exalted¡¡in¡¡power¡£¡¡In

their¡¡high¡¡politics¡¡the¡¡French¡¡sometimes¡¡overreached¡¡themselves¡£

To¡¡seize¡¡points¡¡of¡¡vantage£»¡¡to¡¡intrigue¡¡for¡¡influence£»¡¡are¡¡not¡¡in

themselves¡¡creative¡£¡¡They¡¡must¡¡be¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡such¡¡practical

efforts¡¡as¡¡will¡¡assure¡¡an¡¡economic¡¡reserve¡¡adequate¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hour

of¡¡testing¡£¡¡France¡¡failed¡¡partly¡¡because¡¡she¡¡did¡¡not¡¡know¡¡how¡¡to

lay¡¡sound¡¡industrial¡¡foundations¡¡which¡¡should¡¡give¡¡substance¡¡to

the¡¡brilliant¡¡planning¡¡of¡¡her¡¡leaders¡£



To¡¡French¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡the¡¡English¡¡opposed¡¡forces¡¡that

were¡¡the¡¡outcome¡¡of¡¡their¡¡national¡¡character¡¡and¡¡institutions¡£

They¡¡were¡¡keener¡¡traders¡¡than¡¡the¡¡French¡¡and¡¡had¡¡cheaper¡¡and

better¡¡goods£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡perhaps¡¡of¡¡French¡¡gunpowder¡¡and

of¡¡French¡¡brandy£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡preferred¡¡to¡¡English¡¡rum¡£

Though¡¡the¡¡English¡¡were¡¡less¡¡alert¡¡and¡¡less¡¡brilliant¡¡than¡¡the

French£»¡¡the¡¡work¡¡that¡¡they¡¡did¡¡was¡¡more¡¡enduring¡£¡¡Their

settlements¡¡encroached¡¡ever¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡forest¡£¡¡They

found¡¡and¡¡tilled¡¡the¡¡good¡¡lands£»¡¡traded¡¡and¡¡saved¡¡and¡¡gradually

built¡¡up¡¡populous¡¡communities¡£¡¡The¡¡British¡¡colonies¡¡had¡¡twenty

times¡¡the¡¡population¡¡of¡¡Canada¡£¡¡The¡¡tide¡¡of¡¡their¡¡power¡¡crept¡¡in

slowly¡¡but¡¡it¡¡moved¡¡with¡¡the¡¡relentless¡¡force¡¡that¡¡has

subsequently¡¡made¡¡nearly¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡North¡¡America¡¡English¡¡in

speech¡¡and¡¡modes¡¡of¡¡thought¡£



When£»¡¡in¡¡1744£»¡¡open¡¡war¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡nations¡¡came¡¡at¡¡last¡¡in

Europe£»¡¡each¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡spring¡¡at¡¡the¡¡other¡¡in¡¡Americaand

France¡¡sprang¡¡first¡£¡¡In¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡narrow¡¡strait¡¡which

separates¡¡the¡¡mainland¡¡from¡¡the¡¡island¡¡of¡¡Cape¡¡Breton£»¡¡the

British¡¡had¡¡a¡¡weak¡¡little¡¡fishing¡¡settlement¡¡called¡¡Canseau¡£

Suddenly¡¡in¡¡May£»¡¡1744£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡British¡¡at¡¡Canseau¡¡had¡¡heard

nothing¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡two¡¡armed¡¡vessels¡¡from¡¡Louisbourg¡¡with¡¡six¡¡or

seven¡¡hundred¡¡soldiers¡¡and¡¡sailors¡¡appeared¡¡before¡¡the¡¡poor

little¡¡place¡¡and¡¡demanded¡¡its¡¡surrender¡£¡¡To¡¡this¡¡the¡¡eighty

British¡¡defenders¡¡agreed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡be

sent¡¡to¡¡Boston¡¡which£»¡¡as¡¡yet£»¡¡had¡¡not¡¡heard¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡£¡¡Meanwhile

they¡¡were¡¡taken¡¡to¡¡Louisbourg¡¡where¡¡they¡¡kept¡¡their¡¡eyes¡¡open¡£

But¡¡the¡¡French¡¡continued¡¡in¡¡their¡¡offensive¡£¡¡The¡¡one¡¡vital¡¡place

held¡¡by¡¡the¡¡British¡¡in¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia¡¡was¡¡Annapolis£»¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡so

neglected¡¡that¡¡the¡¡sandy¡¡ramparts¡¡had¡¡crumbled¡¡into¡¡the¡¡ditch

supposed¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡cows¡¡from¡¡the¡¡neighboring¡¡fields

walked¡¡up¡¡the¡¡slope¡¡and¡¡looked¡¡down¡¡into¡¡the¡¡fort¡£¡¡It¡¡was

Duvivier£»¡¡the¡¡captor¡¡of¡¡Canseau£»¡¡who¡¡attacked¡¡Annapolis¡£¡¡He¡¡had

hoped¡¡much¡¡for¡¡help¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Acadians£»¡¡but£»

though¡¡both¡¡seemed¡¡eager£»¡¡both¡¡failed¡¡him¡¡in¡¡action¡£¡¡Paul

Mascarene£»¡¡who¡¡defended¡¡Annapolis£»¡¡was¡¡of¡¡Huguenot¡¡blood£»¡¡which

stimulated¡¡him¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡the¡¡better¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Catholic¡¡French¡£

Boston¡¡sent¡¡him¡¡help£»¡¡for¡¡that¡¡little¡¡capital¡¡was¡¡deeply¡¡moved£»

and¡¡so¡¡Annapolis¡¡did¡¡not¡¡fall£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡was¡¡harassed¡¡during¡¡the

whole¡¡summer¡¡of¡¡1744£»¡¡and¡¡New¡¡England£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡fever¡¡at¡¡the¡¡new

perils¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡prepared¡¡a¡¡mighty¡¡stroke¡¡against¡¡the¡¡French¡£



This¡¡expedition¡¡was¡¡to¡¡undertake¡¡nothing¡¡less¡¡than¡¡the¡¡capture¡¡of

Louisbourg¡¡itself¡£¡¡The¡¡colonial¡¡troops¡¡had¡¡been¡¡so¡¡often¡¡reminded

of¡¡their¡¡inferiority¡¡to¡¡regular¡¡troops¡¡as¡¡fighting¡¡forces¡¡that£»

with¡¡provincial¡¡docility£»¡¡they¡¡had¡¡almost¡¡come¡¡to¡¡accept¡¡the

estimate¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡well¡¡enou

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ