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the¡¡friendly¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡Louis¡¡XIV¡¡towards¡¡James£»¡¡the¡¡deposed

Stuart¡¡Pretender¡£¡¡England¡¡had¡¡just¡¡made¡¡a¡¡new£»¡¡determined£»¡¡and

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with¡¡allied¡¡forces¡£¡¡The¡¡proudest¡¡monarchy¡¡in¡¡Europe¡¡was¡¡compelled

to¡¡see¡¡a¡¡spot¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡sacred¡¡territory¡¡held¡¡permanently¡¡by¡¡a

rival¡¡nation¡£¡¡Gibraltar¡¡Spain¡¡was¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡recover¡£¡¡Its¡¡loss

drove¡¡her¡¡into¡¡the¡¡arms¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enemies¡¡of¡¡England¡¡and¡¡remains¡¡to

this¡¡day¡¡a¡¡grievance¡¡which¡¡on¡¡occasion¡¡Spanish¡¡politicians¡¡know

well¡¡how¡¡to¡¡make¡¡useful¡£



Great¡¡Britain¡¡was¡¡now¡¡under¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡a¡¡leader¡¡whose

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front¡¡in¡¡its¡¡affairs¡£¡¡Such¡¡a¡¡man¡¡was¡¡Sir¡¡Robert¡¡Walpole¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a

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love¡¡good¡¡pictures¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡classics£»¡¡but¡¡delighting

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When¡¡only¡¡twenty¡­seven¡¡he¡¡was¡¡already¡¡a¡¡leader¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Whigs£»

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in¡¡its¡¡support¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Stuart¡¡rising¡¡in¡¡1715£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡punished

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money¡¡Walpole¡¡gloried¡¡in¡¡saving¡¡English¡¡lives¡¡and¡¡English¡¡gold¡£

He¡¡found¡¡new¡¡and¡¡fruitful¡¡modes¡¡of¡¡taxation£»¡¡but¡¡when¡¡urged¡¡to

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to¡¡do¡¡it¡£



Walpole's¡¡policy¡¡endured¡¡for¡¡a¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡a¡¡century¡£¡¡He¡¡abandoned

it¡¡only¡¡after¡¡a¡¡bitter¡¡struggle¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡was¡¡attacked¡¡as

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an¡¡easy¡¡mark¡¡for¡¡those¡¡who¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡arouse¡¡the¡¡warlike¡¡spirit¡£

She¡¡still¡¡persecuted¡¡and¡¡burned¡¡heretics£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡cause¡¡of

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to¡¡a¡¡Spanish¡¡colony¡£¡¡We¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡imagine¡¡grave¡¡diplomats¡¡of¡¡our

day¡¡haggling¡¡over¡¡such¡¡terms¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡century¡¡was¡¡not

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famous¡¡South¡¡Sea¡¡Bubble¡¡which¡¡inaugurated¡¡a¡¡period¡¡of¡¡frantic

speculation¡¡in¡¡England¡£¡¡Worthless¡¡shares¡¡in¡¡companies¡¡formed¡¡for

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liable¡£¡¡Walpole's¡¡financial¡¡insight¡¡condemned¡¡from¡¡the¡¡first¡¡the

wild¡¡outburst£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡common¡¡sense¡¡during¡¡the¡¡crisis¡¡helped¡¡to

stem¡¡the¡¡tide¡¡of¡¡disaster¡£¡¡The¡¡South¡¡Sea¡¡Bubble¡¡burst¡¡partly

because¡¡Spain¡¡stood¡¡sternly¡¡on¡¡her¡¡own¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡punished

British¡¡smugglers¡£¡¡During¡¡many¡¡years¡¡the¡¡tension¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two

nations¡¡grew¡£¡¡No¡¡doubt¡¡Spanish¡¡officials¡¡were¡¡harsh¡£¡¡Tales¡¡were

repeated¡¡in¡¡England¡¡of¡¡their¡¡brutalities¡¡to¡¡British¡¡sailors¡¡who

fell¡¡into¡¡their¡¡hands¡£¡¡In¡¡1739¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡Captain

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thrown¡¡in¡¡his¡¡face¡¡with¡¡an¡¡insulting¡¡message¡¡to¡¡his¡¡government

brought¡¡matters¡¡to¡¡a¡¡climax¡£¡¡Events¡¡in¡¡other¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Europe¡¡soon

made¡¡the¡¡war¡¡general¡£¡¡When£»¡¡in¡¡1740£»¡¡the¡¡young¡¡King¡¡of¡¡Prussia£»

Frederick¡¡II£»¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡throne£»¡¡his¡¡first¡¡act¡¡was¡¡to¡¡march¡¡an

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had¡¡just¡¡inherited¡¡the¡¡Austrian¡¡crown¡£¡¡Frederick¡¡conquered

Silesia¡¡and¡¡held¡¡it¡£¡¡In¡¡1744¡¡he¡¡was¡¡allied¡¡with¡¡Spain¡¡and¡¡France£»

while¡¡Britain¡¡allied¡¡herself¡¡with¡¡Austria£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡Britain¡¡and

France¡¡were¡¡again¡¡at¡¡war¡£



In¡¡America¡¡both¡¡sides¡¡had¡¡long¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the¡¡war¡¡was¡¡inevitable¡£

Never¡¡had¡¡French¡¡opinion¡¡been¡¡more¡¡arrogant¡¡in¡¡asserting¡¡France's

right¡¡to¡¡North¡¡America¡¡than¡¡after¡¡the¡¡Treaty¡¡of¡¡Utrecht¡£¡¡At¡¡the

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blundered¡¡into¡¡the¡¡occupation¡¡of¡¡great¡¡areas£»¡¡while¡¡in¡¡truth¡¡she

was¡¡weak¡¡through¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡union¡¡and¡¡organization¡£¡¡A¡¡natural

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she¡¡was¡¡a¡¡monarchy¡¡while¡¡they¡¡were¡¡really¡¡independent¡¡republics¡£

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In¡¡1713¡¡she¡¡had¡¡retained¡¡the¡¡island¡¡of¡¡Cape¡¡Breton¡¡and¡¡now¡¡she

had¡¡made¡¡it¡¡a¡¡new¡¡menace¡¡to¡¡British¡¡power¡£¡¡Boston£»¡¡which¡¡had

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narrow¡¡entrance¡¡easily¡¡fortified£»¡¡and¡¡here¡¡France¡¡began¡¡to¡¡build

the¡¡fortress¡¡of¡¡Louisbourg¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡planned¡¡on¡¡the¡¡most¡¡approved

military¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡£¡¡Through¡¡its¡¡strength£»¡¡the

boastful¡¡talk¡¡went£»¡¡France¡¡should¡¡master¡¡North¡¡America¡£¡¡The¡¡King

sent¡¡out¡¡cannon£»¡¡undertook¡¡to¡¡build¡¡a¡¡hospital£»¡¡to¡¡furnish

chaplains¡¡for¡¡the¡¡service¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church£»¡¡to¡¡help¡¡education£»¡¡and

so¡¡on¡£¡¡Above¡¡all£»¡¡he¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡Louisbourg¡¡soldiers¡£



Reports¡¡of¡¡these¡¡wonderful¡¡things¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡English¡¡colonies

and¡¡caused¡¡fears¡¡and¡¡misgivings¡£¡¡New¡¡England¡¡believed¡¡that

Louisbourg¡¡reflected¡¡the¡¡pomp¡¡and¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡Versailles¡£¡¡The

fortress¡¡was£»¡¡in¡¡truth£»¡¡slow¡¡in¡¡building¡¡and¡¡never¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a

rather¡¡desolate¡¡outpost¡¡of¡¡France¡£¡¡It¡¡contained¡¡in¡¡all¡¡about¡¡four

thousand¡¡people¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡thirty¡¡years¡¡of¡¡the¡¡long¡¡truce¡¡it

became¡¡so¡¡strong¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡without¡¡a¡¡rival¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Atlantic

coast¡£¡¡The¡¡excellent¡¡harbor¡¡was¡¡a¡¡haven¡¡for¡¡the¡¡fishermen¡¡of

adjacent¡¡waters¡¡and¡¡a¡¡base¡¡for¡¡French¡¡privateers£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡a

terror¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡near¡¡trade¡¡routes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Atlantic¡£¡¡On¡¡the

military¡¡side¡¡Louisbourg¡¡seemed¡¡a¡¡success¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡French¡¡failed

in¡¡their¡¡effort¡¡to¡¡colonize¡¡the¡¡island¡¡of¡¡Cape¡¡Breton¡¡on¡¡which

the¡¡fortress¡¡stood¡£¡¡Today¡¡this¡¡island¡¡has¡¡great¡¡iron¡¡and¡¡other

industries¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡coal¡­mines¡¡near¡¡Louisbourg£»¡¡and¡¡its¡¡harbor£»

long¡¡deserted¡¡after¡¡the¡¡fall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡France£»¡¡has¡¡now¡¡an

extensive¡¡commerce¡£¡¡The¡¡island¡¡was¡¡indeed¡¡fabulously¡¡rich¡¡in

coals¡¡and¡¡minerals¡£¡¡To¡¡use¡¡these¡¡things£»¡¡however£»¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the

task¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡age¡¡of¡¡industry¡£¡¡The¡¡colonist¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eighteenth

centurya¡¡merchant£»¡¡a¡¡farmer£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡fur¡¡traderthought¡¡that¡¡Cape

Breton¡¡was¡¡bleak¡¡and¡¡infertile¡¡and¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡there¡£

Louisbourg¡¡remained¡¡a¡¡compact¡¡fortress¡¡with¡¡a¡¡good¡¡harbor£»¡¡free

from¡¡ice¡¡during¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year£»¡¡but¡¡too¡¡much¡¡haunted¡¡by¡¡fog¡£¡¡It

looked¡¡out¡¡on¡¡a¡¡much¡­traveled¡¡sea¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡remained¡¡set¡¡in¡¡the

wilderness¡£



Even¡¡if¡¡Louisbourg¡¡made¡¡up¡¡for¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡Port¡¡Royal£»¡¡this¡¡did

not£»¡¡however£»¡¡console¡¡France¡¡for¡¡the¡¡cession¡¡of¡¡Acadia¡£¡¡The¡¡fixed

idea¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡shaped¡¡the¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡Ca

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