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第18章

theologico-political treatise p4(神学与政治专题研究4)-第18章


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the external practices of piety should be brought into accordance with the 

public peace and well…being if we would obey God rightly。 (38) When this 

has been shown we shall easily understand how the sovereign rulers are 

the proper interpreters of religion and piety。 

     (19:39) It is certain that duties towards one's country are the highest 

that man can fulfil; for; if government be taken away; no good thing can 

last;   all  falls  into   dispute;   anger    and    anarchy    reign   unchecked       amid 

universal     fear。   (40)   Consequently       there   can   be   no  duty    towards     our 

neighbour which would not become an offence if it involved injury to the 

whole   state;   nor   can   there   be   any   offence   against   our   duty   towards   our 

neighbour;      or   anything     but   loyalty   in   what    we   do   for   the   sake   of 

preserving the state。 (41) For instance: it is in the abstract my duty when 

my neighbour quarrels with me and wishes to take my cloak; to give him 

my   coat   also;   but   if   it   be   thought   that   such   conduct   is   hurtful   to   the 

maintenance of the state; I ought to bring him to trial; even at the risk of 

his being condemned to death。 

     (19:42)     For   this  reason    Manlius     Torquatus     is  held   up   to  honour; 

inasmuch as the public welfare outweighed with him his duty towards his 

children。   (43)   This     being   so;   it  follows   that   the   public   welfare   is   the 

sovereign law to which all others; Divine and human; should be made to 

conform。 (44) Now; it is the function of the sovereign only to decide what 

is necessary for the public welfare and the safety of the state; and to give 

orders accordingly; therefore it is also the function of the sovereign only to 

decide the limits of our duty towards our neighbour … in other words; to 

determine how we should obey God。 (45) We can now clearly understand 

how  the  sovereign   is   the  interpreter   of  religion;   and   further;   that no   one 

can obey God rightly; if the practices of his piety do not conform to the 

public   welfare;   or;   consequently;   if   he   does   not   implicitly   obey   all   the 

commands of the sovereign。 (46) For as by God's command we are bound 



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to do our duty to all men without exception; and to do no man an injury; 

we are also bound not to help one man at another's loss; still less at a loss 

to the whole state。 (47) Now; no private citizen can know what is good for 

the state; except he learn it through the sovereign power; who alone has 

the right to transact public business: therefore no one can rightly practise 

piety     or  obedience       to  God;     unless    he    obey    the   sovereign      power's 

commands in all things。 (48) This proposition is confirmed by the facts of 

experience。 (49) For if the sovereign adjudge a man to be worthy of death 

or an enemy; whether he be a citizen or a foreigner; a private individual or 

a separate ruler; no subject is allowed to give him assistance。 (50) So also 

though   the  Jews   were  bidden   to   love  their   fellow…citizens   as   themselves 

(Levit。     xix:17;   18);   they   were    nevertheless      bound;    if  a  man    offended 

against the law; to point him out to the judge (Levit。 v:1; and Deut。 xiii:8; 

9); and; if he should be condemned to death; to slay him (Deut。 xvii:7)。 

     (19:51) Further; in order that the Hebrews might preserve the liberty 

they had gained; and might retain absolute sway over the territory they had 

conquered;   it   was   necessary;   as   we   showed   in   Chapter   XVII。;   that   their 

religion   should   be   adapted   to   their   particular   government;   and   that   they 

should separate themselves from the rest of the nations: wherefore it was 

commanded to them; 〃Love thy neighbour and hate thine enemy〃 (Matt。 

v:43); but after they had lost their dominion and had gone into captivity in 

Babylon; Jeremiah bid  them  take thought   for  the safety of   the state into 

which they had been led captive; and Christ when He saw that they would 

be   spread   over   the   whole   world;   told   them   to   do   their   duty   by   all   men 

without   exception;   all   of   which   instances   show   that   religion   has   always 

been made to conform to the public welfare。 '19:4' (52) Perhaps someone 

will   ask:   By   what   right;   then;   did   the   disciples   of   Christ;   being   private 

citizens; preach a new religion? (53) I answer that they did so by the right 

of the power which they had received from Christ against unclean spirits 

(see   Matt。   x:1)。   (54)   I   have   already   stated   in   Chapter   XVI。   that   all   are 

bound   to   obey   a   tyrant;   unless   they   have   received   from   God   through 

undoubted   revelation   a   promise   of   aid   against   him;   so   let   no   one   take 

example       from    the   Apostles     unless   he   too   has   the   power     of  working 

miracles。 (55) The point is brought out more clearly by Christ's command 



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to His disciples; 〃Fear not those who kill the body〃 (Matt。 x:28)。 (56) If 

this command were imposed on everyone; governments would be founded 

in vain; and Solomon's words (Prov。 xxiv:21); 〃My son; fear God and the 

king;〃 would be impious; which they certainly are not; we must therefore 

admit that the authority which Christ gave to His disciples was given to 

them only; and must not be taken as an example for others。 

     (19:57) I do not pause to consider the arguments of those who wish to 

separate secular rights from spiritual rights; placing the former under the 

control of the sovereign; and the latter under the control of the universal 

Church;      such   pretensions     are  too   frivolous   to   merit   refutation。   (58)   I 

cannot     however;     pass   over    in  silence   the   fact  that  such    persons    are 

woefully  deceived   when   they   seek   to   support   their   seditious   opinions   (I 

ask pardon for the somewhat harsh epithet) by the example of the Jewish 

high priest; who; in ancient times; had the right of administering the sacred 

offices。 (59) Did not the high priests receive their right by the decree of 

Moses (who; as I have shown; retained the sole right to rule); and could 

they not by the same means be deprived of it? (60) Moses himself chose 

not only Aaron;  but also his son Eleazar;  and  his grandson   Phineas;  and 

bestowed on them the right of administering the office of high priest。 (61) 

This right   was   retained by  the  high priests   afterwards;  but   none  the  less 

were they delegates of Moses … that is; of the sovereign power。 (62) Moses; 

as we have shown; left no successor to his dominion; but so distributed his 

prerogatives; that   those   who   came   after   him  seemed;   as   it   were;   regents 

who administer the government when a king is absent but not dead。 

     (19:62) In the second commonwealth the high priests held their right 

absolutely;   after   they   had   obtained   the   rights   of   principality   in   addition。 

(63) Wherefore the rights of the high priesthood always depended on the 

edict of the sovereign; and the high priests did not possess them till they 

became sovereigns also。 (64) Rights in matters spiritual always remained 

under the control of the kings absolutely (as I will show at the end of this 

chapter);   except   in   the   single   particular   that   they   were   not   allowed   to 

administer   in   person   the   sacred   duties   in   the   Temple;   inasmuch   as   they 

were not of the family of Aaron; and were therefore considered unclean; a 

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