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第96章

the origins of contemporary france-2-第96章

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set free。  For repressive purposes; it dispatches a sentimental

exhortation to the French people; consisting of twelve pages of

literary insipidity; which Florian might have composed for his

Estilles and his Nemorins。'67'  …  New conflagrations; as an

inevitable consequence; kindle around live coals which have been

imperfectly extinguished。  In the district of Saintes;'68' M。

Dupaty; counselor of the parliament of Bordeaux; after having

exhausted mild resources; and having concluded by issuing writs

against those of his tenantry who would not pay their rents; the

parish of Saint…Thomas de Cosnac; combined with five or six others;

puts itself in motion and assails his two chateaux of Bois…Roche and

Saint…George…des…Agouts; these are plundered and then set on fire;

his son escaping through a volley of musket…balls。  They visit

Martin; the notary and steward; in the same fashion; his furniture

is pillaged and his money is taken; and 〃his daughter undergoes the

most frightful outrages。〃 Another detachment pushes on to the house

of…the Marquis de Cumont; and forces him; under the penalty of

having his house burnt down; to give a discharge for all the claims

he has upon them。  At the head of these incendiaries are the

municipal officers of Saint…Thomas; except the mayor; who has taken

to flight。



The electoral system organized by the Constituent Assembly is

beginning to take effect。  〃Almost everywhere;〃 writes the royal

commissioner; 〃the large proprietors have been eliminated; and the

offices have been filled by men who strictly fulfill the conditions

of eligibility。  The result is a sort of rage of the petty rich to

annoy those who enjoy large heritages。〃  …  Six months later; the

National Guards and village authorities in this same department at

Aujean; Migron; and Varaise; decide that no more tithes; agriers or

champarts; nor any of the dues which are retained; shall be paid。

In vain does the department annul the decision; and send its

commissioners; gendarmes; and law…officers。  The commissioners are

driven away; and the officers and gendarmes are fired upon; the

vice…president of the district; who was on his way to make his

report to the department; is seized on the road and forced to give

in his resignation。  Seven parishes have coalesced with Aujean and

ten with Migron; Varaise has sounded the tocsin; and the villages

for four leagues round have risen; fifteen hundred men; armed with

guns; scythes; hatchets and pitchforks; lend their aid。  The object

is to set free the principal leader at Varaise; one Planche; who was

arrested; and to punish the mayor of Varaise; Latierce; who is

suspected of having denounced Planche。  Latierce is unmercifully

beaten; and 〃forced to undergo a thousand torments during thirty

hours;〃 then they set out with him to Saint…Jean…d'Angely; and

demand the release of Planche。  The municipality at first refuses;

but finally consents on the condition that Latierce be given up in

exchange for him。  Planche; consequently; is set at liberty and

welcomed with shouts of triumph。  Latierce; however; is not given

up; on the contrary; he is tormented for an hour and then massacred;

while the directory of the district; which is less submissive than

the municipal body; is forced to fly。  …  Symptoms of this kind are

not to be mistaken; and similar ones exist in Brittany。  It is

evident that the minds of the people are permanently in revolt。

Instead of the social abscess being relieved by the discharge; it is

always filling up and getting more inflamed。  It will burst a second

time in the same places; in 1791 as in 1790; the jacquerie spreads

throughout Brittany as it has spread over Limousin。



This is because the determination of the peasant is of another

nature than ours; his will being more firm and tenacious。  When an

idea obtains a hold on him it takes root in an obscure and profound

conviction upon which neither discussion nor argument have any

effect; once planted; it vegetates according to his notions; not

according to ours; and no legislative text; no judicial verdict; no

administrative remonstrance can change in any respect the fruit it

produces。  This fruit; developed during centuries; is the feeling of

an excessive plunder; and; consequently; the need of an absolute

release。  Too much having been paid to everybody; the peasant now is

not disposed to pay anything to anybody; and this idea; vainly

repressed; always rises up in the manner of an instinct。  …  In the

month of January; 1791;'69' bands again form in Brittany; owing to

the proprietors of the ancient fiefs having insisted on the payment

of their rents。  At first the coalesced parishes refuse to pay the

stewards; and after this the rustic National Guards enter the

chateaux to constrain the proprietors。  Generally; it is the

commander of the National Guard; and sometimes the communal

attorney; who dictates to the lord of the manor the renunciation of

his claims; they oblige him; moreover; to sign notes for the benefit

of the parish; or for that of various private individuals。  This is

considered by them to be compensation for damages; all feudal dues

being abolished; he must return what he received from them during

the past year; and as they have been put to inconvenience he must

indemnify them by 〃paying them for their time and journey。〃 Such are

the operations of two of the principal bands; one of them numbering

fifteen hundred men; around Dinan and St。  Malo; for greater

security they burn title…deeds in the chateaux of Saint…Tual; Besso;

Beaumanoir; La Rivière; La Bellière; Chateauneuf; Chenay;

Chausavoir; Tourdelon; and Chalonge; and as a climax they set fire

to Chateauneuf just before the arrival of the regular troops。  …  In

the beginning; a dim conception of legal and social order seems to

be floating in their brains; at Saint…Tual; before taking 2;000

livres from the steward; they oblige the mayor to give them his

consent in writing; at Yvignac; their chief; called upon to show the

authority under which he acted; declares that 〃he is authorized by

the general will of the populace of the nation。〃'70' … But when; at

the end of a month; they are beaten by the regular troops; made

furious by the blows given and taken; and excited by the weakness of

the municipal authorities who release their prisoners; they then

become bandits of the worst species。  During the night of the 22nd

of February; the chateau of Villefranche; three leagues from

Malestroit; is attacked。  Thirty…two rascals with their faces

masked; and led by a chief in the national uniform; break open the

door。  The domestics are strangled。  The proprietor; M。 de la

Bourdonnaie; an old man; with his wife aged sixty; are half killed

by blows and tied fast to their bed; and after this a fire is

applied to their feet and they are warmed (chauffé)。  In the

meantime the plate; linen; stuffs; jewelry; two thousand francs in

silver; and even watches; buckles; and rings;  …  everything is

pillaged; piled on the backs of the eleven horses in the stables;

and carried off。  …  ?When property is concerned; one sort of

outrage provokes another; the narrow cupidity of the lease…holder

being completed by the unlimited rapacity of the brigand。



Meanwhile; in the south…western provinces; the same causes have

produced the same results; and towards the end of autumn; when the

crops are gathered in and the proprietors demand their dues in money

or in produce; the peasant; immovably fixed in his idea; again

refuses。'71' In his eyes; any law that may be against him is not

that of the National Assembly; but of the so…called seigneurs; who

have extorted or manufactured it; and therefore it is null。  The

department and district administrators may promulgate it as much as

they please: it does not concern him; and if the opportunity occurs;

he knows how to make them smart for it。  The village National

Guards; who are lease…holders like himself; s

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