the origins of contemporary france-2-第90章
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snowball … for they threaten 〃to burn the effects and set fire to
the houses of all who are not as courageous as themselves。〃
In this state of social disintegration; insurrection is a gangrene
in which the healthy are infected by the morbid parts。 Mobs are
everywhere produced and re…produced; incessantly; large and small;
like abscesses which break out side by side; and painfully irritate
each other and finally combine。 There are the towns against the
rural districts and rural districts against the towns。 On the one
hand 〃every farmer who transports anything to the market passes (at
home) for an aristocrat;'32' and becomes the horror of his fellow…
citizens in the village。〃 On the other hand the National Guards of
the towns spread themselves through the rural districts and make
raids to save themselves from death by hunger。'33' It is admitted
in the rural districts that each municipality has the right to
isolate itself from the rest。 It is admitted in the towns that each
town has the right to derive its provisions from the country。 It is
admitted by the indigent of each commune that the commune must
provide bread gratis or at a cheap rate。 On the strength of this
there is a shower of stones and a fusillade; department against
department; district against district; canton against canton; all
fight for food; and the strongest get it and keep it for themselves。
… I have simply described the North; where; for the past three
years; the crops are good。 I have omitted the South; where trade is
interrupted on the canal of the Deux Mers; where the procureur…
syndic of Aude has lately been massacred for trying to secure the
passage of a convoy; where the harvest has been poor; where; in many
places; bread costs eight sous the pound; where; in almost every
department; a bushel of wheat is sold twice as dear as in the North!
Strange phenomenon! and the most instructive of all; for in it we
see down into the depths of humanity; for; as on a raft of
shipwrecked beings without food; there is a reversion to a state of
nature。 The light tissue of habit and of rational ideas in which
civilization has enveloped man; is torn asunder and is floating in
rags around him; the bare arms of the savage show themselves; and
they are striking out。 The only guide he has for his conduct is
that of primitive days; the startled instinct of a craving stomach。
Henceforth that which rules in him and through him is animal
necessity with its train of violent and narrow suggestions;
sometimes sanguinary and sometimes grotesque。 Incompetent or
savage; in all respects like a Negro monarch; his sole political
expedients are either the methods of a slaughter house or the dreams
of a carnival。 Two commissioners whom Roland; Minister of the
Interior; sends to Lyons; are able to see within a few days the
carnival and the slaughter…house。'34' … On the one hand the
peasants; all along the road; arrest everybody; the people regard
every traveler as an aristocrat who is running away … which is so
much the worse for those who fall into their hands。 Near Autun;
four priests who; to obey the law; are betaking themselves to the
frontier; are put in prison 〃for their own protection;〃 they are
taken out a quarter of an hour later; and; in spite of thirty…two of
the mounted police; are massacred。 〃Their carriage was still
burning as I passed; and the corpses were stretched out not far off。
Their driver was still in durance; and it was it vain that I
solicited his release。〃 … On the other hand; at Lyons; the power
has fallen into the hands of the degraded women of the streets。
〃They seized the central club; constituted themselves commissaries
of police; signed notices as such; and paid visits of inspection to
store…houses;〃 they drew up a tariff of provisions; 〃from bread and
meat up to common peaches; and peaches of fine quality。〃 They
announced that 〃whoever dared to dispute it would be considered a
traitor to the country; an adherent of the civil list; and
prosecuted as such。〃 All this is published; proclaimed and applied
by 〃female commissaries of police;〃 themselves the dregs of the
lowest sinks of corruption。 Respectable housewives and workwomen
had nothing to do with it; nor 〃working…people of any class。〃 The
sole actors of this administrative parody are 〃 scamps; a few
bullies of houses of ill…fame; and a portion of the dregs of the
female sex。〃 … To this end comes the dictatorship of instinct;
yonder let loose on the highway in a massacre of priests; and here;
in the second city of France; in the government of strumpets。
III。
Egotism of the tax…payer。 … Issoudun in 1790。 … Rebellion against
taxation。 … Indirect taxes in 1789 and 1790。 … Abolition of the
salt tax; excise; and octrois。 … Direct taxation in 1789 and 1790。
… Delay and insufficiency of the returns。 … New levies in 1791
and 1792。 … Delays; partiality; and concealment in preparing the
rolls。 … Insufficiency of; and the delay in; the returns。 …
Payment in assignats。… The tax…payer relieves himself of one…half。
… Devastation of the forests。 … Division of the communal
property。
The fear of starvation is only the sharper form of a more general
passion; which is the desire of possession and the determination not
to give anything up。 No popular instinct; had been longer; more
rudely; more universally offended under the ancient régime; and
there is none which gushes out more readily under constraint; none
which requires a higher or broader public barrier; or one more
entirely constructed of solid blocks; to keep it in check。 Hence it
is that this passion from the commencement breaks down or engulfs
the slight and low boundaries; the tottering embankments of
crumbling earth between which the Constitution pretends to confine
it。 … The first flood sweeps away the pecuniary claims of the
State; of the clergy; and of the noblesse。 The people regard them
as abolished; or; at least; they consider their debts discharged。
Their idea; in relation to this; is formed and fixed; for them it is
that which constitutes the Revolution。 The people have no longer a
creditor; they are determined to have none; they will pay nobody;
and first of all; they will make no further payment to the State。
On the 14th of July; 1790; the day of the Federation; the population
of Issoudun; in Touraine; solemnly convoked for the purpose; had
just taken the solemn oath which was to ensure public peace; social
harmony; and respect for the law for evermore。'35' Here; probably;
as elsewhere; arrangements had been made for an stirring ceremonial;
there were young girls dressed in white; and learned and
impressionable magistrates were to pronounce philosophical
harangues。 All at once they discover that the people gathered on
the public square are provided with clubs; scythes; and axes; and
that the National Guard will not prevent their use; on the contrary;
the Guard itself is composed almost wholly of wine growers and
others interested in the suppression of the duties on wine; of
coopers; innkeepers; workmen; carters of casks; and others of the
same stamp; all rough fellows who have their own way of interpreting
the Social Contract。 The whole mass of decrees; acts; and
rhetorical flourishes which are dispatched to them from Paris; or
which emanate from the new authorities; are not worth a halfpenny
tax maintained on each bottle of wine。 There are to be no more
excise duties; they will only take the civic oath on this express
condition; and that very evening they hang; in effigy; their two
deputies; who 〃had not supported their interests〃 in the National
Assembly。 A few months later; of all the National Guard called upon
to protect the clerks; only the commandant and two officers respond
to the summons。 If a docile taxpayer happens to be found; he is not
allowed to pay the dues; this seems a defection and almost
treachery。 A