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第78章

the origins of contemporary france-2-第78章

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that it may not be used again when occasion requires。  Each

municipal body; each company of the National Guard; wants to reign

on its own plot of ground out of the way of any foreign control; and

this is what is called liberty。  Its adversary; therefore; is the

central power。  This must be disarmed for fear that it may

interpose。  On all sides; with a sure and persistent instinct;

through the capture of fortresses; the pillage of arsenals; the

seduction of the soldiery; and the expulsion of generals; the

municipality ensures its omnipotence by guaranteeing itself

beforehand against all repression。



At Brest the municipal authorities insist that a naval officer shall

be surrendered to the people; and on the refusal of the King's

lieutenant to give him up; the permanent committee orders the

National Guard to load its guns。'20'  At Nantes the municipal body

refuses to recognize M。  d'Hervilly; sent to take command of a camp;

and the towns of the province write to declare that they will suffer

no other than the federated troops on their territory。  At Lille the

permanent committee insists that the military authorities shall

place the keys of the town in its keeping every evening; and; a few

months after this; the National Guard; joined by mutinous soldiers;

seize the citadel and the person of Livarot; its commander。  At

Toulon the commander of the arsenal; M。  de Rioms; and several naval

officers; are put in the dungeon。  At Montpellier the citadel is

surprised; and the club writes to the National Assembly to demand

its demolition。  At Valence; the commandant; M。  de Voisin; on

taking measures of defense; is massacred; and henceforth the

municipality issues all orders to the garrison。  At Bastia; Colonel

de Rully falls under a shower of bullets; and the National Guard

takes possession of the citadel and the powder magazine。  These are

not passing outbursts: at the end of two years the same

insubordinate spirit is apparent everywhere。'21'  In vain do the

commissioners of the National Assembly seek to transfer the Nassau

regiment from Metz。  Sedan refuses to receive it; while Thionville

declares that; if it comes; she will blow up the bridges; and

Sarrebuis threatens; if it approaches; that it will open fire on it。

At Caen neither the municipality nor the directory dares enforce the

law which assigns the castle to the troops of the line; the National

Guard refuses to leave it; and forbids the director of the artillery

to inspect the munitions。 … In this state of things a Government

subsists in name but not in fact; for it no longer possesses the

means of enforcing obedience。  Each commune arrogates to itself the

right of suspending or preventing the execution of the simplest and

most urgent orders。  Arnay…le…Duc; in spite of passports and legal

injunctions; persists in retaining Mesdames; Arcis…sur…Aube retains

Necker; and Montigny is about to retain M。  Caillard; Ambassador of

France。'22'  …  In the month of June; 1791; a convoy of eighty

thousand crowns of six livres sets out from Paris for Switzerland;

this is a repayment by the French Government to that of Soleure; the

date of payment is fixed; the itinerary marked out; all the

necessary documents are provided; it is important that it should

arrive on the day when the bill falls due。  But they have counted

without the municipalities and the National Guards。  Arrested at

Bar…sur…Aube; it is only at the end of a month; and on a decree of

the National Assembly; that the convoy can resume。  its march。  At

Belfort it is seized again; and it still remains there in the month

of November。  In vain has the directory of the Bas…Rhin ordered its

release; the Belfort municipality paid no attention to the order。

In vain the same directory dispatches a commissioner; who is near

being cut to pieces。  The personal interference of General Luckner;

with the strong arm; is necessary; before the convoy can pass the

frontier; after five months of delay。'23' In the month of July 1791;

a French vessel on the way from Rouen to Caudebec; said to be loaded

with kegs of gold and silver; is stopped。  On the examination being

made; it has a right to leave; its papers are all correct; and the

department enjoins the district to respect the law。  The district;

however; replies that it is impossible; since 〃all the

municipalities on the banks of the Seine have armed and are awaiting

the passing of the vessel;〃 and the National Assembly itself is

obliged to pass a decree that the vessel shall be discharged。



If the rebellion of the small communes is of this stamp; what must

be that of the larger ones?'24' The departments and districts summon

the municipality in vain; it disobeys or pays no attention to the

summons。



 〃Since the session began;〃 writes the directory of Sa?ne…et…Loire;

〃the municipality of Ma?on has taken no step in relation to us which

has not been an encroachment。  It has not uttered a word; which has

not been an insult。  It has not entered upon a deliberation which

has not been an outrage。〃



 〃If the regiment of Aunis is not ordered here immediately;〃 writes

the directory of Calvados; 〃if prompt and efficient measures are not

taken to provide us with an armed force; we shall abandon a post

which we can not longer hold due to insubordination; license;

contempt for all the authorities。 We shall in this case be unable to

perform the duties which were imposed upon us。〃



The directory of the Bouches…du…Rhone; on being attacked; flies

before the bayonets of Marseilles。  The members of the directory of

Gers; in conflict with the municipality of Auch; are almost beaten

to death。  As to the ministers; who are distrusted by virtue of

their office; they are still less respected than the directories;

They are constantly denounced to the Assembly; while the

municipalities send back their dispatches without deigning to open

them;'25' and; towards the end of 1791; their increasing

powerlessness ends in complete annihilation。  We can judge of this

by one example。  In the month of December 1791; Limoges is not

allowed to carry away the grain; which it had just purchased in

Indre; a force of sixty horsemen being necessary to protect its

transportation。  The directory of Indre at once calls upon the

ministers to furnish them with this small troop。'26' After trying

for three weeks; the minister replies that it is out of his power;

he has knocked at all doors in vain。  〃I have pointed out one way;〃

he says; 〃to the deputies of your department in the National

Assembly; namely; to withdraw the 20th regiment of cavalry from

Orleans; and I have recommended them to broach the matter to the

deputies of Loiret。〃 The answer is still delayed: the deputies of

the two departments have to come to an agreement; for; otherwise;

the minister dares not displace sixty men to protect a convoy of

grain。  It is plain enough that there is no longer any executive

power。  There is no longer a central authority。  There is no longer

a France; but merely so many disintegrated and independent communes;

like Orleans and Limoges; which; through their representatives;

carry on negotiations with each other; one to secure itself from a

deficiency of troops; and the other to secure itself from a want of

bread。



Let us consider this general dissolution on the spot; and take up a

case in detail。  On the 18th of January 1790; the new municipal

authorities of Marseilles enter upon their duties。  As is generally

the case; the majority of the electors have had nothing to do with

the balloting。  The mayor; Martin; having been elected by only an

eighth of the active citizens。'27'  If; however; the dominant

minority is a small one; it is resolute and not inclined to stop at

trifles。  〃Scarcely is it organized;〃'28' when it sends deputies to

the King to have him withdraw his troops from Marseilles。  The King;

always weak and accommodating; finally consents; and; the orders to

march bein

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