the origins of contemporary france-2-第76章
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prepared for it。 … Certainly embraces have been interchanged and
oaths have been taken; but after; as before the ceremony; men are
just what many centuries of administrative thralldom and one century
of political literature have made them。 Their ignorance and
presumption; their prejudices; hatreds; and distrusts; their
inveterate intellectual and emotional habits are still preserved。
They are human; and their stomachs need to be filled daily。 They
have imagination; and; if bread be scarce; they fear that they may
not get enough of it。 They prefer to keep their money rather than
to give it away。 For this reason they spurn the claims which the
State and individuals have upon them as much as possible。 They
avoid paying their debts。 They willingly lay their hands on public
property which is badly protected; finally they are disposed to
regard gendarmes and proprietors as detrimental; and all the more so
because this has been repeated to them over and over again; day
after day; for a whole year。 … On the other hand there is no change
in the situation of things。 They are ever living in a disorganized
community; under an impracticable constitution; the passions which
sap public order being only the more stimulated by the semblance of
fraternity under which they seemed to be allayed。 Men cannot be
persuaded with impunity that the millennium has come; for they will
want to enjoy it immediately; and will tolerate no deception
practiced on their expectations。 In this violent state; fired by
boundless expectations; all their whims appear reasonable and all
their opinions rational。 They are no longer able to find faults
with or control themselves。 In their brain; overflowing with
emotions and enthusiasm; there is no room but for one intense;
absorbing; fixed idea。 Each is confident and over…confident in his
own opinion; all become impassioned; imperious; and intractable。
Having assumed that all obstacles are taken out of the way; they
grow indignant at each obstacle they actually encounter。 Whatever
it may be; they shatter it on the instant; and their over…excited
imagination covers with the fine name of patriotism their natural
appetite for despotism and domination。
France; accordingly; in the three years which follow the taking of
the Bastille; presents a strange spectacle。 In the words we find
charity and in the laws symmetry; while the actual events present a
spectacle of disorder and violence。 Afar; is the reign of
philosophy; close up is the chaos of the Carlovingian era。
〃Foreigners;〃 remarks an observer;'13' 〃are not aware that; with a
great extension of political rights; the liberty of the individual
is in law reduced to nothing; while in practice it is subject to the
caprice of sixty thousand constitutional assemblies; that no citizen
enjoys any protection against the annoyances of these popular
assemblies; that; according to the opinions which they entertain of
persons and things; they act in one place in one way and in another
place in another way。 Here; a department; acting for itself and
without referring elsewhere; puts an embargo on vessels; while
another orders the expulsion of a military detachment essential for
the security of places devastated by ruffians; and the minister; who
responds to the demands of those interested; replies: 'Such are the
orders of the department。' Elsewhere are administrative bodies
which; the moment the Assembly decrees relief of consciences and the
freedom of nonjuring priests; order the latter out of their homes
within 24 hours。 Always in advance of or lagging behind the laws;
alternately bold and cowardly; daring all things when seconded by
public license; and daring nothing to repress it; eager to abuse
their momentary authority against the weak in order to acquire
titles to popularity in the future; incapable of maintaining order
except at the expense of public safety and tranquility; entangled
in the reins of their new and complex administration; adding the
fury of passion to incapacity and inexperience; such are; for the
most part; the men sprung from nothing; void of ideas and drunk with
pretension; on whom now rests responsibility for public powers and
resources; the interest of security; and the foundations of the
power of government。 In all sections of the nation; in every branch
of the administration; in every report; we detect the confusion of
authorities; the uncertainty of obedience; the dissolution of all
restraints; the absence of all resources; the deplorable
complication of enervated springs; without any of the means of real
power; and; for their sole support; laws which; in supposing France
to be peopled with men without vices or passions; abandon humanity
to its primitive state of independence。〃
A few months after this; in the beginning of 1792; Malouet sums up
all in one phrase:
〃It is the Government of Algiers without the Dey。〃
II。
Independence of the municipalities。 … The causes of their
initiative。 … Sentiment of danger。… Issy…l'Evêque in 1789。 … Exalted
pride。 … Brittany in 1790。… Usurpations of the municipalities。 …
Capture of the citadels。 … Violence increased against their
commanders。 … Stoppage of convoys。… Powerlessness of the Directories
and the ministers。 … Marseilles in 1790。
Things could not work otherwise。 For; before the 6th of October;
and the King's captivity in Paris; the Government had already been
destroyed。 Now; through the successive decrees of the Assembly; it
is legally done away with; and each local group is left to itself。 …
The intendants have fled; military commanders are not obeyed; the
bailiwicks dare hold no courts; the parliaments are suspended; and
seven months elapse before the district and department
administrations are elected; a year before the new judgeships are
instituted; while afterwards; as well as before; the real power is
in the hands of the communes。 … The commune must arm itself; appoint
its own chiefs; provide its own supplies; protect itself against
brigands; and feed its own poor。 It has to sell its national
property; install the constitutional priest; and; amidst so many
eager passions and injured interest; accomplish the transformation
by which a new society replaces the ancient one。 It alone has to
ward off the perpetual and constantly reviving dangers which assail
it or which it imagines。 These are great; and it exaggerates them。
It is inexperienced and alarmed。 It is not surprising that; in the
exercise of its extemporized power; it should pass beyond its
natural or legal limit; and without being aware of it; overstep the
metaphysical line which the Constitution defines between its rights
and the rights of the State。 Neither hunger; fear; rage; nor any of
the popular passions can wait; there is no time to refer to Paris。
Action is necessary; immediate action; and; with the means at hand;
they must save themselves as well as they can。 This or that mayor
of a village is soon to find himself a general and a legislator。
This or that petty town is to give itself a charter like Laon or
Vezelay in the twelfth century。 〃On the 6th of October; 1789;'14'
near Autun; the market…town of Issy…l'Evêque declares itself an
independent State。 The parish assembly is convoked by the priest;
M。 Carion; who is appointed member of the administrative committee
and of the new military staff。 In full session he secures the
adoption of a complete code; political; judiciary; penal and
military; consisting of sixty articles。 Nothing is overlooked; we
find ordinances concerning
〃the town police; the laying out of streets and public squares; the
repairs of prisons; the road taxes and price of grain; the
administration of justice; fines; confiscations; and the diet of the
National Guards。〃
He is a provincial Solon;'15' zealous for the public welfare; and a
man of executive power; he expounds his ordinances from the pulpit;