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the origins of contemporary france-2-第62章

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thirty…two millions; but if we add the gratuities and allowances out

of the various treasuries; the actual total was fifty…six millions。



'13' I note that today in 1998; 100 years after Taine's death;

Denmark; my country; has had total democracy; that is universal

suffrage for women and men of 18 years of age for a considerable

time; and a witty author has noted that the first rule of our

unwritten constitution is that 〃thou shalt not think that thou art

important〃。  I have noted; however; that when a Dane praises Denmark

and the Danes even in the most excessive manner; then he is not

considered as a chauvinist but admired as being a man of truth。  In

spite of the process of 'democratization' even socialist chieftains

seem to favor and protect their own children; send them to good

private schools and later abroad to study and help them to find

favorable employment in the party or with the public services。  A

new élite is thus continuously created by the ruling political and

administrative upper class。  (SR。)。



'14' The Ancient Régime;〃 p。388; and the following pages。…〃 Le Duc de

Broglie;〃 by M。  Goizot; p。  11。  (Last words of Prince Victor de

Broglie; and the opinions of M。  d'Argenson。)



'15' De Ferrières; I。  p。2。



'16' Moniteur; sitting of September 7; 1790; I。  431…437。  Speeches;

of MM。  de Sillery; de Lanjuinais; Thouret; de Lameth; and Rabaut…

Saint…Etienne。  Barnave wrote in 1791: 〃It was necessary to be

content with one single chamber; the instinct of equality required

it。  A second Chamber would have been the refuge of the

aristocrats。〃



'17' Lenin should later create an elite; an aristocracy which; under

his leadership was to become the Communist party。  Lenin could not

have imagined or at least would not have been concerned that the

leadership of this party would fall into the hands of tyrants later;

under the pressure of age and corruption; to be replaced by the KGB

and later the FSB。  (SR。)



'18' 〃De Bouillé;〃 p。  50: 〃All the old noble families; save two or

three hundred; were ruined。〃



'19' Cf。  Doniol; 〃La Révolution et la Féodalité。〃



'20' Moniteur; sitting of August 6; !789。  Speech of Duport:

〃Whatever is unjust cannot last。  Similarly; no compensation for

these unjust rights can be maintained。〃 Sitting of February 27;

1790。  M。  Populus: 〃As slavery could not spring from a legitimate

contract; because liberty cannot be alienated; you have abolished

without indemnity hereditary property in persons。〃 Instructions and

decree of June 15…19; 1791: 〃The National Assembly has recognized in

the most emphatic manner that a man never could become the

proprietor of another man; and consequently; that the rights which

one had assumed to have over the person of the other; could not

become the property of the former。〃 Cf。  the diverse reports of

Merlin to the Committee of Feudality and the National Assembly。



'21' Duvergier; 〃Collection des Lois et Décrets。〃 Laws of the 4…11

August; 1789; March 15…28; 1790; May 3…9; 1790; June 15…19; 1791。



'22' Agrier percières  terms denoting taxes paid in the shape of

shares of produce。  Those which follow: lods; rentes; quint; requint

belong to the taxes levied on real property。  'Tr。'



'23' Doniol (〃Noveaux cahiers de 1790〃)。  Complaints of the copy…

holders of Rouergues and of Quercy; pp。  97…105。



'24' See further on; book III。  ch。  II。  § 4 and also ch。  III。



'25' Moniteur; sitting of March 2; 1790。  Speech by Merlin: 〃The

peasants have been made to believe that the annulation of the

banalities (the obligation to use the public mill; wine…press; and

oven; which belonged to the noble) carried along with it the loss to

the noble of all these; the peasants regarding themselves as

proprietors of them。〃



'26' Moniteur; sitting of June 9; !790。  Speech of M。  Charles de

Lameth  Duvergier (laws of June 19…23 1790; September 27 and

October 16; 1791)。



'27' Sauzay; V。  400 …410。



'28' Duvergier; laws of June 15…19; 1791; of June 18 …July 6; 1792;

of August 25…28; 1792。



'29' 〃Institution du Droit Fran?ais;〃 par Argou; I。103。  (He wrote

under the Regency。) 〃The origin of most of the feoffs is so ancient

that; if the seigneurs were obliged to produce the titles of the

original concession to obtain their rents; there would scarcely be

one able to produce them。  This deficiency is made up by common

law。〃



'30' Duvergier (laws of April 8…15; 1791; March 7…11; October 26;

1791; January 6…10; 1794)。   Mirabeau had already proposed to

reduce the disposable portion to one…tenth。



'31' See farther on; book III; ch。  III。



'32' Mercure; September 10; 1791。  Article by Mallet du Pan。 … Ibid。

October 15; 1791。



'33' Should Hitler or Lenin have read and understood the

consequences of these events they would have deduced that given the

command from official sources or recognized leaders ordinary people

all over the world could easily be tempted to attack any group;

being it Jews; Protestants; Hindus or foreigners。  (SR。)



'34' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 II。  784。  Letters of M。  de Langeron;

October 16 and 18; 1789。    Albert Babeau; 〃Histoire de Troyes;〃

letters addressed to the Chevalier de Poterats ; July; 1790。  

〃Archives Nationales;〃 papers of the Committee on Reports; bundle 4;

letter of M。  le Belin…Chatellenot to the to the President of the

National Assembly; July 1; 1791。   Mercure; October 15; 1791。

Article by Mallet du Pan: 〃Such is literally the language of these

emigrants; I do not add a word。〃 … Ibid。  May 15; 1790。  Letter of

the Baron de Bois d'Aizy; April 29;1790; demanding a decree of

protection fur the nobles。  〃We shall know (then) whether we are

outlawed or are of any account in the rights of man written out with

so much blood; or whether; finally; no other option is left to us

but that of carrying to distant skies the remains of our property

and our wretched existence。〃



'35' Mercure; October 15; 1791; and September 10; 1791。  Read the

admirable letter of the Chevalier de Mesgrigny; appointed colonel

during the suspension of the King; and refusing his new rank。



'36' Cf。  the 〃Mémoires〃 of M。  de Boustaquet; a Norman gentleman。



'37' Cf。  〃The Ancient Régime;〃 books I。  and II。



'38' Boivin… Champeaux; 〃Notice Historique sur la Révolution dans le

Département de L'Eure;〃 the register of grievances。  In 1788; at

Rouen; there was not a single profession made by men。  In the

monastery of the Deux…Amants the chapter convoked in 1789 consisted

of two monks。   〃Archives Nationales;〃 papers of the ecclesiastic

committee; passim。



'39' 〃Apologie de l'état Religieux〃 (1775); with statistics。  Since

1768 the decline is 〃frightful。〃 〃It is easy to foresee that in ten

or twelve years most of the regular bodies will be absolutely

extinct; or reduced to a state of feebleness akin to death。〃



'40' Sanzay; I。  224 (November; 1790)。  At Besan?on; out of 266

monks; 〃79 only showed any loyalty to their engements or any

affection for their calling。〃 Others preferred to abandon it;

especially all the Dominicans but five; all but one of the bare

footed Carmelites; and all the Grand Carmelites。  The same

disposition is apparent throughout the department; as; for instance;

with the Benedictines of Cluny except one; all the Minimes but

three; all the Capuchins but five; the Bernandins; Dominicans; and

Augustins; all preferring to leave。    Montalembert; 〃Les Moines

d'Occident;〃 introduction; pp。  105…164。  Letter of a Benedictine of

Saint…Germain…des…Prés to a Benedictine of Vannes。  〃Of all the

members of your congregation which come here to lodge; I have

scarcely found one capable of edifying us。  You may probably say the

same of those who came to you from our place。〃   Cf。  in the

〃Mémoires〃 of Merlin de Thionville the description of the Chartreuse

of Val St。  Pierre。



'41' Ch。  Guerin; 〃Revue des Questions Historiques〃 (July 1

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