the origins of contemporary france-2-第61章
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arbitrary verdicts; but also the riots which they stir up by their
instigation and which they sanction by their toleration。'80' He is
driven out of his parish; consigned to the county town; and kept in
a safe place。 The Directory of Aisne denounces him as a disturber
of the public peace; and forbids him; under severe penalties; from
administering the sacraments。 The municipality of Cahors shuts up
particular churches and orders the nonjuring ecclesiastics to leave
the town in twenty…four hours。 The electoral corps of Lot denounces
them publicly as 〃ferocious brutes;〃 incendiaries; and provokers of
civil war。 The Directory of the Bas…Rhin banishes them to
Strasbourg or to fifteen leagues from the frontier。 At Saint…Leon
the bishop is forced to fly。 At Auch the archbishop is imprisoned;
at Lyons M。 de Boisboissel; grand vicar; is confined in Pierre…
Encize; for having preserved an archiepiscopal mandate in his house;
brutality is everywhere the minister of intolerance。 A certain cure
of Aisne who; in 1789; had fed two thousand poor; having presumed to
read from his pulpit a pastoral charge concerning the observance of
Lent; the mayor seizes him by the collar and prevents him from going
to the altar; 〃two of the National Yeomanry〃 draw their sabers on
him; and forthwith lead him away bareheaded; not allowing him to
return to his house; and drive him to a distance of two leagues by
beat of drum and under escort。 At Paris; in the church of Saint…
Eustache; the curé is greeted with outcries; a pistol is pointed at
his head; he is seized by the hair; struck with fists; and only
reaches the sacristy through the intervention of the National Guard。
In the church of the Théatins; rented by the orthodox with all legal
formality; a furious band disperses the priests and their
assistants; upsets the altar and profanes the sacred vessels。 A
placard; posted up by the department; calls upon the people to
respect the law; 〃I saw it;〃 says an eye…witness; 〃torn down amidst
imprecations against the department; the priests; and the devout。
One of the chief haranguers; standing on the steps terminated his
speech by stating that schism ought to be stopped at any cost; that
no worship but his should be allowed; that women should be whipped
and priests knocked on the head。〃 And; in fact; 〃a young lady
accompanied by her mother is whipped on the steps of the church。〃
Elsewhere nuns are the sufferers; even the sisters of Saint…Vincent
de Paul; and; from April; 1793; onward; the same outrages on modesty
and against life are propagated from town to town。 At Dijon; rods
are nailed fast to the gates of all the convents; at Montpellier;
two or three hundred ruffians; armed with large ironbound sticks;
murder the men and outrage the women。 Nothing remains but to
put the gangsters under the shelter of an amnesty; which is done by
the Constituent Assembly; and to legally sanction the animosity of
local administrations; which is done by the Legislative
Assembly。'81' Henceforth the nonjuring ecclesiastics are deprived
of their sustenance; they are declared 〃 suspected of revolt against
the law and of evil intentions against the country。〃 … Thus; says a
contemporary Protestant; 〃on the strength of these suspicions and
these intentions; a Directory; to which the law interdicts judicial
functions; may arbitrarily drive out of his house the minister of a
God of peace and charity; grown gray in the shadow of the altar〃
Thus; 〃everywhere; where disturbances occur on account of religious
opinions; and whether these troubles are due to the frantic
scourgers of the virtuous sisters of charity or to the ruffians
armed with cow…hides who; at N?mes and Montpellier; outrage all the
laws of decorum and of liberty for six whole months; the non…juring
priests are to be punished with banishment。 Torn from their
families whose means of living they share; they are sent away to
wander on the highways; abandoned to public pity or ferocity the
moment any scoundrel chooses to excite a disturbance that he can
impute to them。〃 … Thus we see approaching the revolt of the
peasantry; the insurrections of N?mes; Franche…Comté; la Vendée and
Brittany; emigration; transportation; imprisonment; the guillotine
or drowning for two thirds of the clergy of France; and likewise for
myriads of the loyal; for husbandmen; artisans; day…laborers;
seamstresses; and servants; and the humblest among the lower class
of the people。 This is what the laws of the Constituent Assembly
are leading to。 In the institution of the clergy; as in that of
the nobles and the King; it demolished a solid wall in order to dig
through it an open door; and it is nothing strange if the whole
structure tumbles down on the heads of its inmates。 The true course
was to respect; to reform; to utilize rank and corporations: all
that the Assembly thought of was the abolition of these in the name
of abstract equality and of national sovereignty。 In order to
abolish these it executed; tolerated; or initiated all the attacks
on persons and on property。 Those it is about to commit are the
inevitable result of those which it has already committed; for;
through its Constitution; bad is changed to worse; and the social
edifice; already half in ruins through the clumsy havoc that is
effected in it; will fall in completely under the weight of the
incongruous or extravagant constructions which it proceeds to
extemporize。
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Notes:
'1' Cf。 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 books I。 and V。
'2' Perhaps we are here at the core of why all regimes end up
becoming corrupt; inefficient and sick; their leaders take their
privileges for granted and become more and more inattentive to the
work which must be done if the people are to be kept at work and
possible adversaries kept under control。 (SR。)
'3' A special tax paid the king by a plebeian owning a fief。 (TR)
'4' The right to an income from trust funds。 (SR。)
'5' Arthur Young; I。 209; 223。 〃If the communes steadily refuse
what is now offered to them; they put immense and certain benefits
to the chance of fortune; to that hazard which may make posterity
curse instead of bless their memories as real patriots who had
nothing in view but the happiness of their country。
'6' According to valuations by the Constituent Assembly; the tax on
real estate ought to bring 240;000;000 francs; and provide one…fifth
of the net revenue of France; estimated at 1;200;000;000。
Additionally; the personal tax on movable property; which replaced
the capitation; ought to bring 60;000;000。 Total for direct
taxation; 300;000;000; or one…fourth that is to say; twenty…five
per cent; of the net revenue。 If the direct taxation had been
maintained up to the rate of the ancient régime (190;000;000;
according to Necker's report in May; 1689); this impost would only
have provided one…sixth of the net revenue; or sixteen percent。
'7' Dumont; 267。 (The words of Mirabeau three months before his
death:) 〃Ah; my friend; how right we were at the start when we
wanted to prevent the commons from declaring themselves the National
Assembly! That was the source of the evil。 They wanted to rule the
King; instead of ruling through him。〃
'8' Gouverneur Morris; April 29; 1789 (on the principles of the
future constitution); 〃One generation at least will be required to
render the public familiar with them。〃
'9' Cf。 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 book II; ch。 III。
'10' French women did not obtain the right to vote until 1946。 (SR。)
'11' According to Voltaire (〃L'Homme aux Quarante écus〃); the
average duration of human life was only twenty…three years。
'12' Mercure; July 6; 1790。 According to the report of Camus
(sitting of July 2nd); the official total of pensions amounted to
thirty…two millions; but if we add the gratuities and allowances out
of the va