the origins of contemporary france-2-第60章
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and the curé must be chosen by the electoral body; the Holy Ghost
dwells with it; and with the civil tribunals; and these may install
its elect in spite of any resistance。 To complete the
dependence of the clergy; every bishop is forbidden to absent
himself more than fifteen days without permission from the
department; every curé the same length of time without the
permission of the district; even to attend upon a dying father or to
undergo the operation of lithotomy。 In default of this permission
his salary is suspended: as a functionary under salary; he owes all
his time to his bureau; and if he desires a leave of absence he must
ask for it from his chiefs in the H?tel…de…Ville。'73' He must
assent to all these innovations; not only with passive obedience;
but by a solemn oath。 All old or new ecclesiastics; archbishops;
bishops; curés; vicars; preachers; hospital and prison chaplains;
superiors and directors of seminaries; professors of seminaries and
colleges; are to state in writing that they are ready to take this
oath: moreover; they must take it publicly; in church; 〃in the
presence of the general council; the commune; and the faithful;〃 and
promise 〃to maintain with all their power〃 a schismatic and
Presbyterian Church。 For there can be no doubt about the sense
and bearing of the prescribed oath。 It was all very well to
incorporate it with a broader one; that of maintaining the
Constitution。 But the Constitution of the clergy is too clearly
comprised in the general Constitution; like a chapter in a book; and
to sign the book is to sign the chapter。 Besides; in the formula to
which the ecclesiastics in the Assembly are obliged to swear in the
tribune; the chapter is precisely indicated; and no exception or
reservation is allowed。'74' The Bishop of Clermont; with all those
who have accepted the Constitution in full; save the decrees
affecting spiritual matters; are silenced。 Where the spiritual
begins and where it ends the Assembly knows better than they; for it
has defined this; and it imposes its definition on canonist and
theologian; it is; in its turn; the Pope; and all consciences must
bow to its decision。 Let them take the 〃oath; pure and simple;〃 or
if they do not they are 'refractory。〃 The fiat goes forth; and the
effect of it is immense; for; along with the clergy; the law reaches
to laymen。 On the one hand; all the ecclesiastics who refuse the
oath are dismissed。 If they continue 〃to interfere with public
functions which they have personally or corporately exercised〃 they
〃shall be prosecuted as disturbers of the peace; and condemned as
rebels against the law;〃 deprived of all rights as active citizens;
and declared incompetent to hold any public office。 This is the
penalty already inflicted on the nonjuring bishop who persists in
considering himself a bishop; who ordains priests and who issues a
pastoral letter。 Such is soon to be the penalty inflicted on the
nonjuring curé who presumes to hear confession or officiate at a
mass。'75' On the other hand; all citizens who refuse to take the
prescribed oath; all electors; municipal officers; judges and
administrative agents; shall lose their right of suffrage; have
their functions revoked; and be declared incompetent for all public
duties。'76' The result is that scrupulous Catholics are excluded
from every administrative post; from all elections; and especially
from ecclesiastical elections; from which it follows that; the
stronger one's faith the less one's share in the choice of a
priest。'77' What an admirable law; that which; under the pretext
of doing away with ecclesiastical abuses; places the faithful; lay
or clerical; outside the pale of the law!
This soon becomes apparent。 One hundred and thirty four
archbishops; bishops; and coadjutors refuse to take the oath; there
are only four of them who do so; three of whom; MM。 de Talleyrand;
de Jarente; and de Brienne; are unbelievers and notorious for their
licentiousness; the others are influenced by their consciences;
above all; by their esprit de corps and a point of honor。 Most of
the curés rally around this staff of officers。 In the diocese of
Besan?on;'78' out of fourteen hundred priests; three hundred take
the oath; a thousand refuse it; and eighty retract。 In the
department of Doubs; only four consent to swear。 In the department
of Lozère; there are only 〃ten out of two hundred and fifty。〃 It is
stated positively;〃 writes the best informed of all observers that
everywhere in France two…thirds of the ecclesiastics have refused
the oath; or have only taken it with the same reservations as the
Bishop of Clermont。〃
Thus; out of seventy thousand priests; forty…six thousand are turned
out of office; and the majority of their parishioners are on their
side。 This is apparent in the absence of electors convoked to
replace them: at Bordeaux only four hundred and fifty came to the
poll out of nine hundred; while elsewhere the summons brings
together only 〃a third or a quarter〃 In many places there are no
candidates; or those elected decline to accept。 They are obliged;
in order to supply their places; to hunt up unfrocked monks of a
questionable character。 There are two parties; after this; in each
parish; two faiths; two systems of worship; and permanent discord。
Even when the new and the old curés are accommodating; their
situations bring them into conflict。 To the former the latter are
〃intruders。〃 To the latter the former are 〃 refractories。〃 By virtue
of his being a guardian of souls; the former cannot dispense with
telling his parishioners that the intruder is excommunicated; that
his sacraments are null or sacrilegious; and that it is a sin to
attend his mass。 By virtue of his being a public functionary; the
latter does not fail to write to the authorities that the 〃
refractory 〃 entraps the faithful; excites their consciences; saps
the Constitution; and that he ought to be put down by force。 In
other words; the former draws everybody away from the latter; while
the latter sends the gendarmes against the former; and persecution
begins。 … In a strange reversal; it is the majority which undergoes
persecution; and the minority which carries it out。 The mass of the
constitutional curé is; everywhere; deserted。'79' In La Vendée there
are ten or twelve present in the church out of five or six hundred
parishioners; on Sundays and holidays whole villages and market…
towns travel from one to two leagues off to attend the orthodox
mass; the villagers declaring that 〃if the old curé can only be
restored to them; they will gladly pay a double tax。〃 In Alsace;
〃nine tenths; at least; of the Catholics refuse to recognize the
legally sworn priests。〃 The same spectacle presents itself in
Franche…Comté; Artois; and in ten of the other provinces。
Finally; as in a chemical composition; the analysis is complete。
Those who believe; or who recover their belief; are ranged around
the old curé; all who; through conviction or tradition; hold to the
sacraments; all who; through faith or habit; wish or feel a need to
attend the mass。 The auditors of the new curé consist of
unbelievers; deists; the indifferent members of the clubs and of the
administration; who resort to the church as to the H?tel…de…ville or
to a popular meeting; not through religious but through political
zeal; and who support the 〃intruder〃 in order to sustain the
Constitution。 All this does not secure to him very fervent
followers; but it provides him with very zealous defenders; and; in
default of the faith which they do not possess; they give the force
which is at their disposal。 All means are proper against an
intractable bishop or curé; not only the law which they aggravate
through their forced interpretation of it and through their
arbitrary verdicts; but also the riots which they stir up by their
instigation and which they sanction by their tolerati