the origins of contemporary france-2-第59章
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aiming to remove only the dead bark; it injures the living trunk。
For many centuries; and especially since the Council of Trent; the
vigorous element of Catholicism is much less religion itself than
the Church。 Theology has retired into the background; while
discipline has come to the front。 Believers who; according to
Church law; are required to regard spiritual authority as dogma; in
fact attach their faith to the spiritual authority much more than to
the dogma。 …
Catholic Faith insists; in relation to discipline as well as to
dogma; that if one rejects the decision of the Roman Church one
ceases to be a Catholic; that the constitution of the Church is
monarchical; that the ordaining of priests and bishops is made from
above so that without communion with the Pope; its supreme head; one
is schismatic and that no schismatic priest legitimately can perform
a holy service; and that no true faithful may attend his service or
receive his blessings without committing a sin。 … It is a fact that
the faithful; apart from a few Jansenists; are neither theologians
nor canonists; that they read neither prayers nor scriptures; and if
they accept the creed; it is in a lump; without investigation;
confiding in the hand which presents it; that their obedient
conscience is in the keeping of this pastoral guide; that the Church
of the third century is of little consequence to them; and that; as
far as the true form of the actual Church goes; the doctor whose
advice they follow is not St。 Cyprian; of whom they know nothing;
but their visible bishop and their living curé。
Put these two premises together and the conclusion is self…evident:
it is clear that they will not believe that they are baptized;
absolved; or married except by this curé authorized by this bishop。
Let others be put in their places whom they condemn; and you
suppress worship; sacraments; and the most precious functions of
spiritual life to twenty…four millions of French people; to all the
peasantry; all the children; and to almost all the women; you stir
up in rebellion against you the two greatest forces which move the
mind; conscience and habit。 And observe the result of this。
You not only convert the State into a policeman in the service of
heresy; but also; through this fruitless and tyrannous attempt of
Gallican Jansenism; you bring into permanent discredit Gallican
maxims and Jansenist doctrines。 You cut away the last two roots by
which a liberal sentiment still vegetated in orthodox Catholicism。
You throw the clergy back on Rome; you attach them to the Pope from
whom you wish to separate them; and deprive them of the national
character which you wish to impose on them。 They were French; and
you render them Ultramontane。'68' They excited ill…will and envy;
and you render them sympathetic and popular。 They were a divided
body; and you give them unanimity。 They were a straggling militia;
scattered about under several independent authorities; and rooted to
the soil through the possession of the ground; thanks to you; they
are to become a regular; manageable army; emancipated from every
local attachment; organized under one head; and always prepared to
take the field at the word of command。 Compare the authority of a
bishop in his diocese in 1789 with that of a bishop sixty years
later。 In 1789; the Archbishop of Besan?on; out of fifteen hundred
offices and benefices; had the patronage of one hundred; In ninety…
three incumbencies the selections were made by the metropolitan
chapter; in eighteen it was made by the chapter of the Madeleine; in
seventy parishes by the noble founder or benefactor。 One abbé had
thirteen incumbencies at his disposal; another thirty…four; another
thirty…five; a prior nine; an abbess twenty; five communes directly
nominated their own pastor; while abbeys; priories and canonries
were in the hands of the King。'69' At the present day (1880) in a
diocese the bishop appoints all the curés or officiating priests;
and may deprive nine out of ten of them; in the diocese above named;
from 1850 to 1860; scarcely one lay functionary was nominated
without the consent or intervention of the cardinal…archbishop。'70'
To comprehend the spirit; discipline; and influence of our
contemporary clergy; go back to the source of it; and you will find
it in the decree of the Constituent Assembly。 A natural
organization cannot be broken up with impunity; it forms anew;
adapting itself to circumstances; and closes up its ranks in
proportion to its danger。
But even if; according to the maxims of the Assembly; faith and
worship are free; as far as the sovereign State is concerned; the
churches are subjects。 For these are societies; administrations;
and hierarchies; and no society; administration; or hierarchy may
exist in the State without entering into its …departments under
the title of subordinate; delegate; or employee。 A priest is now
essentially a salaried officer like the rest; a functionary'71'
presiding over matters pertaining to worship and morality。 If the
State is disposed to change the number; the mode of nomination; the
duties and the posts of its engineers; it is not bound to assemble
its engineers and ask their permission; least of all that of a
foreign engineer established at Rome。 If it wishes to change the
condition of 〃its ecclesiastical officers;〃 its right to do so is
the same; and therefore unquestioned。 There is no need of asking
anybody's consent in the exercise of this right; and it allows no
interference between it and its clerks。 The Assembly refuses to
call a Gallican council; it refuses to negotiate with the Pope; and;
on its own authority alone; it recasts the whole Constitution of the
Church。 Henceforth this branch of the public administration is to
be organized on the model of the others。 In the first
place'72' the diocese is to be in extent and limits the same as the
French department; consequently; all ecclesiastical districts are
marked out anew; and forty…eight episcopal sees disappear。 In
the second place; the appointed bishop is forbidden 〃to refer to the
Pope to obtain any confirmation whatever。〃 All he can do is to write
to him 〃in testimony of the unity of faith and of the communion
which he is to maintain with him。〃 The bishop is thus no longer
installed by his canonical chief; and the Church of France becomes
schismatic。 In the third place; the metropolitan or bishop is
forbidden to exact from the new bishops or curés 〃any oath other
than that they profess the Catholic; Apostolic; and Roman religion。〃
Assisted by his council he may examine them on their doctrine and
morals; and refuse them canonical installation; but in this case his
reasons must be given in writing; and be signed by himself and his
council。 His authority; in other respects; does not extend beyond
this for it is the civil tribunal which decides between contending
parties。 Thus is the catholic hierarchy broken up; the
ecclesiastical superior has his hands tied; if he still delegates
sacerdotal functions it is only as a matter of form。 Between the
curé and the bishop subordination ceases to exist just as it has
ceased to exist between the bishop and the Pope; and the Church of
France becomes Presbyterian。 The people now; in effect; choose
their own ministers; as they do in the Presbyterian church; the
bishop is appointed by the electors of the department; the cure by
the district electors; and; what is an extraordinary aggravation;
these need not be of his communion。 It is of no consequence whether
the electoral Assembly contains; as at N?mes; Montauban; Strasbourg;
and Metz; a notable proportion of Calvinists; Lutherans; and Jews;
or whether its majority; furnished by the club; is notoriously
hostile to Catholicism; and even to Christianity itself。 The bishop
and the curé must be chosen by the electoral body; the Holy Ghost
dwells with it; and with the civil t