the origins of contemporary france-2-第40章
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jurisdiction or to a routine of scribbling; with no escape but
philosophical excursions in imaginary space under the guidance of
Rousseau and Raynal。 There are three hundred and seventy…three of
this class; to whom may be added thirty…eight farmers and
husbandmen; fifteen physicians; and; among the manufacturers;
merchants; and capitalists; some fifty or sixty who are their equals
in education and in political capacity。 Scarcely one hundred and
fifty proprietors are here from the middle class。'18' To these four
hundred and fifty deputies; whose condition; education; instruction;
and mental range qualified them for being good clerks; prominent men
in a commune; honorable fathers of a family; or; at best;
provincial academicians; add two hundred and eight curés; their
equals; this makes six hundred and fifty out of eleven hundred and
eighteen deputies; forming a positive majority; which; again; is
augmented by about fifty philosophical nobles; leaving out the weak
who follow the current; and the ambitious who range themselves on
the strong side。 … We may divine what a chamber thus made up can
do; and those who are familiar with such matters prophesy what it
will do。'19'
〃There are some able men in the National Assembly;〃 writes the
American minister; 〃yet the best heads among them would not be
injured by experience; and; unfortunately; there are great numbers
who; with much imagination; have little knowledge; judgment; or
reflection。〃
It would be just as sensible to select eleven hundred notables from
an inland province and entrust them to the repair of an old frigate。
They would conscientiously break the vessel up; and the frigate they
would construct in its place would founder before it left port。
If they would only consult the pilots and professional shipbuilders!
There are several of such to be found around them; whom they
cannot suspect; for most of them are foreigners; born in free
countries; impartial; sympathetic; and; what is more; unanimous。
The Minister of the United States writes; two months before the
convocation of the States…General:'20'
〃I; a republican; and just; as it were; emerged from that Assembly
which has formed one of the most republican of republican
constitutions; … I preach incessantly respect for the prince;
attention to the rights of the nobility; and moderation; not only in
the object; but also in the pursuit of it。〃
Jefferson; a democrat and radical; expresses himself no
differently。 At the time of the oath of the Tennis Court; he
redoubles his efforts to induce Lafayette and other patriots to make
some arrangement with the King to secure freedom of the press;
religious; liberty; trial by jury; the habeas corpus; and a national
legislature; … things which he could certainly be made to adopt; …
and then to retire into private life; and let these institutions act
upon the condition of the people until they had rendered it capable
of further progress; with the assurance that there would be no lack
of opportunity for them to obtain still more。
〃This was all;〃 he continues; 〃that I thought your countrymen able
to bear soberly and usefully。〃
Arthur Young; who studies the moral life of France so
conscientiously; and who is so severe in depicting old abuses;
cannot comprehend the conduct of the Commons。
〃To set aside practice for theory 。 。 。 in establishing the
interests of a great kingdom; in securing freedom to 25;000;000 of
people; seems to me the very acme of imprudence; the very
quintessence of insanity。〃
Undoubtedly; now that the Assembly is all…powerful; it is to be
hoped that it will be reasonable:
〃I will not allow myself to believe for a moment that the
representatives of the people can ever so far forget their duty to
the French nation; to humanity; and their own fame; as to suffer any
inordinate and impracticable views … any visionary or theoretic
systems … 。 。 。 to turn aside their exertions from that security
which is in their hands; to place on the chance and hazard of public
commotion and civil war the invaluable blessings which are certainly
in their power。 I will not conceive it possible that men who have
eternal fame within their grasp will place the rich inheritance on
the cast of a die; and; losing the venture; be damned among the
worst and most profligate adventurers that ever disgraced humanity。〃
As their plan becomes more definite the remonstrances become more
decided; and all the expert judges point out to them the importance
of the wheels which they are willfully breaking。
〃As they have'21' hitherto felt severely the authority exercised
over them in the name of their princes; every limitation of that
authority seems to them desirable。 Never having felt the evils of
too weak an executive; the disorders to be apprehended from anarchy
make as yet no impression〃 〃They want an American
Constitution;'22' but with a King instead of a President; without
reflecting they have no American citizens to support that
Constitution。 。 。 If they have the good sense to give the nobles;
as nobles; some portion of the national power; this free
constitution will probably last; But otherwise it will degenerate
either into a pure monarchy; or a vast republic; or a democracy。
Will the latter last? I doubt it。 I am sure that it will not;
unless the whole nation is changed。〃
A little later; when they renounce a parliamentary monarchy to put
in its place 〃a royal democracy;〃 it is at once explained to them
that such an institution applied to France can produce nothing but
anarchy; and finally end in despotism。
〃Nowhere'23' has liberty proved to be stable without a sacrifice
of its excesses; without some barrier to its own omnipotence。 。 。 。
Under this miserable government 。 。 。 the people; soon weary of
storms; and abandoned without legal protection to their seducers or
to their oppressors; will shatter the helm; or hand it over to some
audacious hand that stands ready to seize it。〃
Events occur from month to month in fulfillment of these
predictions; and the predictions grow gloomier and more gloomy。 It
is a flock of wild birds:'24'
〃It is very difficult to guess whereabouts the flock will settle
when it flies so wild。 。 。 。 This unhappy country; bewildered in
the pursuit of metaphysical whims; presents to our moral view a
mighty ruin。 The Assembly; at once master and slave; new in power;
wild in theory; raw in practice; engrossing all functions without
being able to exercise any; has freed that fierce; ferocious people
from every restraint of religion and respect。 。 。 。 Such a state
of things cannot last 。 。 。 The glorious opportunity is lost and
for this time; at least; the Revolution has failed。〃
We see; from the replies of Washington; that he is of the same
opinion。 On the other side of the Channel; Pitt; the ablest
practician; and Burke; the ablest theorist; of political liberty;
express the same judgment。 Pitt; after 1789; declares that the
French have overleaped freedom。 After 1790; Burke; in a work which
is a prophecy as well as a masterpiece; points to military
dictatorship as the termination of the Revolution; 〃the most
completely arbitrary power that has ever appeared on earth。〃 Nothing
is of any effect。 With the exception of the small powerless group
around Malouet and Mounier; the warnings of Morris; Jefferson;
Romilly; Dumont; Mallet du Pan; Arthur Young; Pitt and Burke; all of
them men who have experience of free institutions; are received with
indifference or repelled with disdain。 Not only are our new
politicians incapable; but they think themselves the contrary; and
their incompetence is aggravated by their infatuation。
〃I often used to say; 〃writes Dumont;'25' 〃that if a hundred
persons were stopped at haphazard in the streets of London; and a
hundred in the streets of Paris; and a proposal w