the origins of contemporary france-2-第4章
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throughout the whole extent of the kingdom a similar state of things
is seen。 The women; as is natural; are generally at the head of
these outbreaks。 It is they who; at Montlhéry; rip open the sacks
of grain with their scissors。 On learning each week; on market day
that the price of a loaf of bread advances three; four; or seven
sous; they break out into shrieks of rage: at this rate for bread;
with the small salaries of the men; and when work fails;'16' how can
a family be fed? Crowds gather around the sacks of flour and the
doors of the bakers。 Amidst outcries and reproaches some one in the
crowd makes a push; the proprietor or dealer is hustled and knocked
down。 The shop is invaded; the commodity is in the hands of the
buyers and of the famished; each one grabbing for himself; pay or no
pay; and running away with the booty。 Sometimes a party is made
up beforehand'17' At Bray…sur…Seine; on the 1st of May; the
villagers for four leagues around; armed with stones; knives; and
cudgels; to the number of four thousand; compel the metayers and
farmers; who have brought grain with them; to sell it at 3 livres;
instead of 4 livres 10 sous the bushel。 They threaten to do the
same thing on the following market…day: but the farmers do not
return; the storehouse remains empty。 Now soldiers must be at hand;
or the inhabitants of Bray will be pillaged。 At Bagnols; in
Languedoc; on the 1st and 2nd of April; the peasants; armed with
cudgels and assembled by tap of drum; 〃traverse the town;
threatening to burn and destroy everything if flour and money are
not given to them。〃 They go to private houses for grain; divide it
amongst themselves at a reduced price; 〃promising to pay when the
next crop comes round;〃 and force the Consuls to put bread at two
sous the pound; and to increase the day's wages four sous。
Indeed this is now the regular thing; it is not the people who obey
the authorities; but the authorities who obey the people。 Consuls;
sheriffs; mayors; municipal officers; town…clerks; become confused
and hesitating in the face of this huge clamor; they feel that they
are likely to be trodden under foot or thrown out of the windows。
Others; with more firmness; being aware that a riotous crowd is mad;
and having scruples to spill blood; yield for the time being; hoping
that at the next market…day there will be more soldiers and better
precautions taken。 At Amiens; 〃after a very violent outbreak;〃'18'
they decide to take the wheat belonging to the Jacobin monks; and;
protected by the troops; to sell it to the people at a third below
its value。 At Nantes; where the town hall is attacked; they are
forced to lower the price of bread one sou per pound。 At Angoulême;
to avoid a recourse to arms; they request the Comte d'Artois to
renounce his dues on flour for two months; reduce the price of
bread; and compensate the bakers。 At Cette they are so maltreated
they let everything take its course; the people sack their dwellings
and get the upper hand; they announce by sound of trumpet that all
their demands are granted。 On other occasions; the mob dispenses
with their services and acts for itself。 If there happens to be no
grain on the market…place; the people go after it wherever they can
find it to proprietors and farmers who are unable to bring it for
fear of pillage; to convents; which by royal edict are obliged
always to have one year's crop in store; to granaries where the
Government keeps its supplies; and to convoys which are dispatched
by the intendants to the relief of famished towns。 Each for himself
so much the worse for his neighbor。 The inhabitants of Fougères
beat and drive out those who come from Ernée to buy in their market;
a similar violence is shown at Vitré to the in…habitants of
Maine。'19' At Sainte…Léonard the people stop the grain started for
Limoges; at Bost that intended for Aurillac; at Saint…Didier that
ordered for Moulins; and at Tournus that dispatched to Macon。 In
vain are escorts added to the convoys; troops of men and women;
armed with hatchets and guns; put themselves in ambush in the woods
along the road; and seize the horses by their bridles; the saber has
to be used to secure any advance。 In vain are arguments and kind
words offered; 〃and in vain even is wheat offered for money; they
refuse; shouting out that the convoy shall not go on。〃 They have
taken a stubborn stand; their resolution being that of a bull
planted in the middle of the road and lowering his horns。 Since the
wheat is in the district; it is theirs; whoever carries it off or
withholds it is a robber。 This fixed idea cannot be driven out of
their minds。 At Chant…nay; near Mans;'20' they prevent a miller
from carrying that which he had just bought to his mill。 At
Montdragon; in Languedoc; they stone a dealer in the act of sending
his last wagon load elsewhere。 At Thiers; workmen go in force to
gather wheat in the fields; a proprietor with whom some is found is
nearly killed; they drink wine in the cellars; and leave the taps
running。 At Nevers; the bakers not having put bread on their
counters for four days; the mob force the granaries of private
persons; of dealers and religious communities。 〃The frightened
corn…dealers part with their grain at any price; most of it is
stolen in the face of the guards;〃 and; in the tumult of these
searches of homes; a number of houses are sacked。 In these days
woe to all who are concerned in the acquisition; commerce; and
manipulation of grain! Popular imagination requires living beings to
who it may impute its misfortunes; and on whom it may gratify its
resentments。 To it; all such persons are monopolists; and; at any
rate; public enemies。 Near Angers the Benedictine establishment is
invaded; and its fields and woods are devastated。'21' At Amiens 〃the
people are arranging to pillage and perhaps burn the houses of two
merchants; who have built labor…saving mills。〃 Restrained by the
soldiers; they confine themselves to breaking windows; but other
〃groups come to destroy or plunder the houses of two or three
persons whom they suspect of being monopolists。〃 At Nantes; a sieur
Geslin; being deputized by the people to inspect a house; and
finding no wheat; a shout is set up that he is a receiver; an
accomplice! The crowd rush at him; and he is wounded and almost cut
in pieces。 It is very evident that there is no more security in
France; property; even life; is in danger。 The primary possession;
food; is violated in hundreds of places; and is everywhere menaced
and precarious。 The local officials everywhere call for aid;
declare the constabulary incompetent; and demand regular troops。
And mark how public authority; everywhere inadequate; disorganized;
and tottering; finds stirred up against it not only the blind
madness of hunger; but; in addition; the evil instincts which profit
by every disorder and the inveterate lusts which every political
commotion frees from restraint。
IV。
Intervention of ruffians and vagabonds。
We have seen how numerous the smugglers; dealers in contraband salt;
poachers; vagabonds; beggars; and escaped convicts'22' have become;
and how a year of famine increases the number。 All are so many
recruits for the mobs; and whether in a disturbance or by means of a
disturbance each one of them fills his pouch。 Around Caux;'23' even
up to the environs of Rouen; at Roncherolles; Quévrevilly; Préaux;
Saint…Jacques; and in the entire surrounding neighborhood bands of
armed bandits force their way into the houses; particularly the
parsonages; and lay their hands on whatever they please。 To the
south of Chartres 〃three or four hundred woodcutters; from the
forests of Bellème; chop away everything that opposes them; and
force grain to be given up to them at their own price。〃 In the
vicinity of étampes; fifteen bandits enter the farmhouses at night
and put the farmer to ransom; threatening hi