the origins of contemporary france-2-第18章
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them no bread; and he wants them then to eat grass。〃 〃He wants them
to eat grass like horses。〃 〃He has said that they could very well
eat hay; and that they are no better than horses。〃 The same story
is found in many of the contemporary jacqueries。
'54' Bailly; II。 108。 〃The people; less enlightened and as
imperious as despots; recognize no positive signs of good
administration but success。〃
'55' Bailly; II; 108; 95。 … Malouet; II; 14。
'56' De Ferrières; I。 168。
CHAPTER III。
I。
Anarchy from July 14th to October 6th; 1789。 … Destruction of the
Government。 … To whom does real power belong?
However bad a particular government may be; there is something still
worse; and that is the suppression of all government。 For; it is
owing to government that human wills form a harmony instead of
chaos。 It serves society as the brain serves a living being。
Incapable; inconsiderate; extravagant; engrossing; it often abuses
its position; overstraining or misleading the body for which it
should care; and which it should direct。 But; taking all things
into account; whatever it may do; more good than harm is done; for
through it the body stands erect; marches on and guides its steps。
Without it there is no organized deliberate action; serviceable to
the whole body。 In it alone do we find the comprehensive views;
knowledge of the members of which it consists and of their aims; an
idea of outward relationships; full and accurate information; in
short; the superior intelligence which conceives what is best for
the common interests; and adapts means to ends。 If it falters and
is no longer obeyed; if it is forced and pushed from without by a
violent pressure; it ceases to control public affairs; and the
social organization retrogrades by many steps。 Through the
dissolution of society; and the isolation of individuals; each man
returns to his original feeble state; while power is vested in
passing aggregates that like whirlwinds spring up from the human
dust。 One may divine how this power; which the most competent
find it difficult to apply properly; is exercised by bands of men
springing out of nowhere。 It is a matter of supplies; of their
possessions; price and distribution。 It is a matter of taxes; its
proportion; apportionment and collection; of private property; its
varieties; rights; and limitations It is a problem of public
authority; its allocation and its limits; of all those delicate
cogwheels which; working into each other; constitute the great
economic; social; and political machine。 Each band in its own
canton lays its rude hands on the wheels within its reach。 They
wrench or break them haphazardly; under the impulse of the moment;
heedless and indifferent to consequences; even when the reaction of
to…morrow crushes them in the ruin that they cause to day。 Thus do
unchained Negroes; each pulling and hauling his own way; undertake
to manage a ship of which they have just obtained mastery。 In
such a state of things white men are hardly worth more than black
ones。 For; not only is the band; whose aim is violence; composed of
those who are most destitute; most wildly enthusiastic; and most
inclined to destructiveness and to license。 But also; as this band
tumultuously carries out its violent action; each individual the
most brutal; the most irrational; and most corrupt; descends lower
than himself; even to the darkness; the madness; and the savagery of
the dregs of society。 In fact; a man who in the interchange of
blows; would resist the excitement of murder; and not use his
strength like a savage; must be familiar with arms。 He must be
accustomed to danger; be cool…blooded; alive to the sentiment of
honor; and above all; sensitive to that stern military code which;
to the imagination of the soldier; ever holds out to him the
provost's gibbet to which he is sure to rise; should he strike one
blow too many。 Should all these restraints; inward as well as
outward; be wanting; the man plunges into insurrection。 He is a
novice in the acts of violence; which he carries out。 He has no
fear of the law; because he abolishes it。 The action begun carries
him further than he intended to go。 Peril and resistance exasperate
his anger。 He catches the fever from contact with those who are
fevered; and follows robbers who have become his comrades。'1' Add
to this the clamors; the drunkenness; the spectacle of destruction;
the nervous tremor of the body strained beyond its powers of
endurance; and we can comprehend how; from the peasant; the laborer;
and the bourgeois; pacified and tamed by an old civilization; we see
all of a sudden spring forth the barbarian。 Or still worse; the
primitive animal; the grinning; sanguinary; wanton baboon; who
giggles while he slays; and gambols over the ruin he has
accomplished。 Such is the actual government to which France is
given up; and after eighteen months' experience; the best qualified;
most judicious and profoundest observer of the Revolution will find
nothing to compare it to but the invasion of the Roman Empire in the
fourth century。'2' 〃The Huns; the Heruli; the Vandals; and the Goths
will come neither from the north nor from the Black Sea; they are in
our very midst。〃
II。
The provinces。 … Destruction of old Authorities。 … Inadequacy of
new Authorities
When in a building the principal beam gives way; cracks follow and
multiply; and the secondary joists fall in one by one for lack of
the prop; which supported them。 In a similar manner the authority
of the King being broken; all the powers; which he delegated; fall
to the ground。'3' Intendants; parliaments; military commands; grand
provosts; administrative; judicial; and police functionaries in
every province; and of every branch of the service; who maintain
order and protect property; taught by the murder of M。 de Launey;
the imprisonment of M。 de Besenval; the flight of Marshal de
Broglie; the assassinations of Foullon and Bertier; know what it
costs should they try to perform their duties。 Should it be
forgotten local insurrections intervene; and keep them in mind of
it。
The officer in command in Burgundy is a prisoner at Dijon; with a
guard at his door; and he is not allowed to speak with any one
without permission; and without the presence of witnesses。'4' The
Commandant of Caen is besieged in the old palace and capitulates。
The Commandant of Bordeaux surrenders Chateau…Trompette with its
guns and equipment。 The Commandant at Metz; who remains firm;
suffers the insults and the orders of the populace。 The Commandant
of Brittany wanders about his province 〃like a vagabond;〃 while at
Rennes his people; furniture; and plate are kept as pledges。 As
soon as he sets foot in Normandy he is surrounded; and a sentinel is
placed at his door。 The Intendant of Besan?on takes to flight;
that of Rouen sees his dwelling sacked from top to bottom; and
escapes amid the shouts of a mob demanding his head。 … At Rennes;
the Dean of the Parliament is arrested; maltreated; kept in his room
with a guard over him; and then; although ill; sent out of the town
under an escort。 At Strasbourg 〃thirty…six houses of magistrates
are marked for pillage。〃'5' At Besan?on; the President of the
Parliament is constrained to let out of prison the insurgents
arrested in a late out…break; and to publicly burn the whole of the
papers belonging to the prosecution。 … In Alsace; since the
beginning of the troubles; the provosts were obliged to fly; the
bailiffs and manorial judges hid themselves; the forest…inspectors
ran away; and the houses of the guards were demolished。 One man;
sixty years of age; is outrageously beaten and marched about the
village; the people; meanwhile; pulling out his hair; nothing
remains of his dwelling but the walls and a portion of the roof。
All his furniture and effects are broken up; burnt or stolen。 H