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第115章

the origins of contemporary france-2-第115章

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〃but also those who are suspected of being their partisans; those

who do not attend the mass of the constitutional priest;〃 and even

poor people; artisans and tillers of the ground; whom they tax five;

ten; twenty; and forty francs; and whose cellars and bread…bins they

empty。  Eighteen chateaux are pillaged; burnt; or demolished; and

among others; those of several gentlemen and ladies who have not

left the country。  One of these; M。 d'Humières; is an old officer of

eighty years; Madame de Peyronenc saves her son only by disguising

him as a peasant; Madame de Beauclerc; who flies across the

mountain; sees her sick child die in her arms。  At Aurillac; gibbets

are set up before the principal houses; M。 de Niossel; a former

lieutenant of a criminal court; put in prison for his safety; is

dragged out; and his severed head is thrown on a dunghill; M。

Collinet; just arrived from Malta; and suspected of being an

aristocrat; is ripped open; cut to pieces; and his head is carried

about on the end of a pike。  Finally; when the municipal officers;

judges; and royal commissioner commence proceedings against the

assassins; they find themselves in such great danger that they are

obliged to resign or to run away。  In like manner; in Haute…

Garonne;'67' it is also 〃against non…jurors and their followers〃

that the insurrection has begun。  This is promoted by the fact that

in various parishes the constitutional curé belongs to the club; and

demands the riddance of his adversaries。  One of them at Saint…Jean…

Lorne; 〃mounted on a cart; preaches pillage to a mob of eight

hundred persons。〃 Each band; consequently; begins by expelling

refractory priests; and by forcing their supporters to attend the

mass of the sworn priest。  …  ?But such success; wholly abstract and

barren; is of little advantage; and peasants in a state of revolt

are not satisfied so easily。  When parishes march forth by the dozen

and devote their day to the service of the public; they must have

some compensation in wood; wheat; wine; or money;'68' and the

expense of the expedition may be defrayed by the aristocrats。  Not

merely the upholders of non…jurors are aristocrats; as; for example;

an old lady here and there; 〃very fanatical; and who for forty years

has devoted all her income to acts of philanthropy;〃 〃but well…to…do

persons; peasants or gentlemen;〃 for; 〃by keeping their wine and

grain unsold in their cellars and barns; and by not undertaking more

work than they need; so as to deprive workmen in the country of

their means of subsistence;〃 they design 〃to starve out〃 the poor

folk。  Thus; the greater the pillage; the greater the service to the

public。  According to the insurgents; it is important 〃to diminish

revenues enjoyed by the enemies of the nation; in order that they

may not send their revenues to Coblentz and other places out of the

kingdom。〃 Consequently; bands of six or eight hundred or a thousand

men overrun the districts of Toulouse and Castelsarrasin。  All

proprietors; aristocrats; and patriots are put under contribution。

Here; in the house of 〃the philanthropic but fanatical old maid;

they break open everything; destroy the furniture; taking away

eighty…two bushels of wheat and sixteen hogsheads of wine。〃

Elsewhere; at Roqueferrière; feudal title…deeds are burnt; and a

chateau is pillaged。  Farther on; at Lasserre; thirty thousand

francs are exacted and the ready money is all carried off。  Almost

everywhere the municipal officers; willingly or unwillingly;

authorize pillaging。  Moreover; 〃they cut down provisions to a price

in assignats very much less than their current rate in silver;〃 and

they double the price of a day's work。  In the meantime; other bands

devastate the national forests; and the gendarmes; in order not to

be called aristocrats; have no idea but of paying court to the

pillagers。



After all this; it is manifest that property no longer exists for

anybody except for paupers and robbers。  …  In effect; in

Dordogne;'69' under the pretext of driving away nonjuring priests;

frequently mobs gather to pillage and rob whatever comes in their

way。  。  。  。  All the grain that is found in houses with

weathercocks is sequestrated。〃 The rustics exploit; as communal

property; all the forests; all the possessions of the emigrants; and

this operation is radical; for example; a band; on finding a new

barn of which the materials strike them as good; demolish it so as

to share with each other the tiles and timber。  …  In Corrèze;

fifteen thousand armed peasants; who have come to Tulle to disarm

and drive off the supporters of the non…jurors; break everything in

suspected houses; and a good deal of difficulty is found in sending

them off empty…handed。  As soon as they get back home; they sack the

chateaux of Saint…Gal; Seilhac; Gourdon; Saint…Basile; and La

Rochette; besides a number of country…houses; even of absent

plebeians。  They have found a quarry; and never was the removal of

property more complete。  They carefully carry off; says an official

statement; all that can be carried  …  furniture; curtains; mirrors;

clothes…presses; pictures; wines; provisions; even floors and wooden

panels; 〃down to the smallest fragments of iron and wood…work;〃

smashing the rest; so that nothing 〃remains of the house but its

four walls; the roof and the staircase。〃 In Lot; where for two years

the insurrection is permanent; the damage is much greater。  During

the night between the 30th and 31st of January; 〃all the best houses

in Souillac〃 are broken open; 〃sacked and pillaged from top to

bottom;〃'70' their owners being obliged to fly; and so many

outbreaks occur in the department; that the directory has no time to

render an account of them to the minister。  Entire districts are in

revolt; as; 〃in each commune all the inhabitants are accomplices;

witnesses cannot be had to support a criminal prosecution; and crime

remains unpunished。〃 In the canton of Cabrerets; the restitution of

rents formerly collected is exacted; and the reimbursement of

charges paid during twenty years past。  The small town of Lauzerte

is invaded by surrounding bodies of militia; and its disarmed

inhabitants are at the mercy of the Jacobin suburbs。  For three

months; in the district of Figeac; 〃all the mansions of former

nobles are sacked and burnt;〃 next the pigeon…cots are attacked;

〃and all country…houses which have a good appearance。〃 Barefooted

gangs 〃enter the houses of well…to…do people; physicians; lawyers;

merchants; burst open the doors of cellars; drink the wine;〃 and

riot like drunken victors。  In several communes these expeditions

have become a custom; 〃a large number of individuals are found in

them who live on rapine alone;〃 and the club sets them the example。

For six months; in the principal town; a coterie of the National

Guard; called the Black Band; expel all persons who are displeasing

to them; 〃pillaging houses at will; beating to death; wounding or

mutilating by saber…strokes; all who have been proscribed in their

assemblies;〃 and no official or advocate dares lodge a complaint。

Brigandage; borrowing the mask of patriotism; and patriotism

borrowing the methods of brigandage; have combined against property

at the same time as against the ancient régime; and; to free

themselves from all that inspires them with fear; they seize all

which can provide them with booty。



And yet this is merely the outskirts of the storm; the center is

elsewhere; around N?mes; Avignon; Arles; and Marseilles; in a

country where; for a long time; the conflict between cities and the

conflict between religions have kindled and accumulated malignant

passions。'71'  Looking at the three departments of Gard; Bouches…de…

Rh?ne and Vaucluse; one would imagine one's self in the midst of a

war with savages。  In fact; it is a Jacobin and plebeian invasion;

and; consequently; conquest; dispossession; and extermination;  …

in Gard; a swarm of National Guards co

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