the origins of contemporary france-2-第111章

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representatives　to　him；　and　who　proudly　come　and　intimate　to　him　the

will　of　their　constituents。〃　Finally；　at　Strasbourg；　seven

regiments；　each　represented　by　three　delegates；　formed　a　military

congress。　　The　same　month；　the　terrible　insurrection　of　Nancy　breaks

out　　…　　　three　regiments　in　revolt；　the　populace　with　them；　the

arsenal　pillaged；　three　hours　of　furious　fighting　in　the　streets；

the　insurgents　firing　from　the　windows　of　the　houses　and　from　the

cellar　openings；　five　hundred　dead　among　the　victors；　and　three

thousand　among　the　vanquished。　　　…　　　The　following　month；　and　for

six　weeks；＇41＇　there　is　another　insurrection；　less　bloody；　but　more

extensive；　better　arranged　and　more　obstinate；　that　of　the　whole

squadron　at　Brest；　a　mutiny　of　twenty　thousand　men；　at　first　against

their　admiral　and　their　officers；　then　against　the　new　penal　code

and　against　the　National　Assembly　itself。　　The　latter；　after

remonstrating　in　vain；　is　obliged　not　only　not　to　take　rigorous

measures；　but　again　to　revise　its　laws。＇42＇



》From　this　time　forth；　I　cannot　enumerate　the　constant　outbreaks　in

the　fleet　and　in　the　army。　　　…　　　Authorized　by　the　minister；　the

soldier　goes　to　the　club；　where　he　is　repeatedly　told　that　his

officers；　being　aristocrats；　are　traitors。　　At　Dunkirk；　he　is

additionally　taught　how　to　get　rid　of　them。　Clamors；　denunciations；

insults；　musket…shots　　…　　　these　are　the　natural　means；　and　they　are

put　in　practice：　but　there　is　another；　recently　discovered；　by　which

an　energetic　officer　of　whom　they　are　afraid　may　be　driven　away。

Some　patriotic　bully　is　found　who　comes　and　insults　him。　If　the

officer　fights　and　is　not　killed；　the　municipal　authorities　have　him

arraigned；　and　his　chiefs　send　him　off　along　with　his　seconds　〃in

order　not　to　disturb　the　harmony　between　the　soldier　and　the

citizen。〃　If　he　declines　the　proposed　duel；　the　contempt　of　his　men

obliges　him　to　quit　the　regiment。　　In　either　case　he　is　got　out　of

the　way。＇43＇　　…　　　They　have　no　scruples　in　relation　to　him。　Present

or　absent；　a　noble　officer　must　certainly　be　plotting　with　his

emigrant　companions；　and　on　this　a　story　is　concocted。　　Formerly；　to

prove　that　sacks　of　flour　were　being　thrown　into　the　river；　the

soldiers　alleged　that　these　sacks　were　tied　with　blue　cords　（cordons

bleus）。　　Now；　to　confirm　the　belief　that　an　officer　is　conspiring

with　Coblentz；　it　suffices　to　state　that　he　rides　a　white　horse；　a

certain　captain；　at　Strasbourg；　barely　escapes　being　cut　to　pieces

for　this　crime；　〃the　devil　could　not　get　it　out　of　their　heads　that

he　was　acting　as　a　spy；　and　that　the　little　grey…hound〃　which

accompanies　him　on　his　rides　〃is　used　to　make　signals。　　〃　　…　　　One

year　after；　at　the　time　when　the　National　Assembly　completes　its

work；　M。　de　Lameth；　M。　Fréteau；　and　M。　Alquier　state　before　it　that

Luckner；　Rochambeau；　and　the　most　popular　generals；　〃no　longer　are

responsible　for　anything。〃　The　Auvergne　regiment　has　driven　away　its

officers　and　forms　a　separate　society；　which　obeys　no　one。　　The

second　battalion　of　Beaune　is　on　the　point　of　setting　fire　to　Arras。

It　is　almost　necessary　to　lay　siege　to　Phalsbourg；　whose　garrison

has　mutinied。　　Here；　〃disobedience　to　the　general's　orders　is

formal。〃　There　〃are　soldiers　who　have　to　be　urged　to　stand　sentinel；

whom　they　dare　not　put　in　confinement　for　discipline；　who　threaten

to　fire　on　their　officers；　who　stray　off　the　road；　pillage

everything；　and　take　aim　at　the　corporal　who　tries　to　bring　them

back。〃　At　Blois；　a　part　of　the　regiment　〃has　just　arrived　without

either　clothes　or　arms；　the　soldiers　having　sold　all　on　the　road　to

provide　for　their　debauchery。〃　One　among　them；　delegated　by　his

companions；　proposes　to　the　Jacobins　at　Paris　to　〃de…aristocratise〃

the　army　by　cashiering　all　the　nobles。　　Another　declares；　with　the

applause　of　the　club；　that　〃seeing　how　the　palisades　of　Givet　are

constructed；　he　is　going　to　denounce　the　Minister　of　War　at　the

tribunal　of　the。　　sixth　arrondissement　of　Paris。〃



It　is　manifest　that；　for　noble　officers；　the　situation　is　no　longer

tenable。　　After　waiting　patiently　for　twenty…three　months；　many　of

them　left　through　conscientiousness；　when　the　National　Assembly；

forcing　a　third　oath　upon　them；　struck　out　of　the　formula　the　name

of　the　King；　their　born　general。＇44＇　　…　　　Others　depart　at　the　end

of　the　Constituent　Assembly；　〃because　they　risk　being　hung。〃　A　large

number　resign　at　the　end　of　1791　and　during　the　first　months　of

1792；　in　proportion　as　the　new　code　and　the　new　recruiting　system

for　the　army　develop　their　results。＇45＇　In　fact；　on　the　one　hand；

through　the　soldiers　and　inferior　officers　having　a　voice　in　the

election　of　their　chiefs　and　a　seat　in　the　military　courts；　〃there

is　no　longer　the　shadow　of　discipline；　verdicts　are　given　from　pure

caprice；　the　soldier　contracts　the　habit　of　despising　his　superiors；

of　whose　punishments　he　has　no　fear；　and　from　whom　he　expects　no

reward；　the　officers　are　paralyzed　to　such　a　degree　as　to　become

entirely　superfluous　personages。〃　On　the　other　hand；　the　majority　of

the　National　Volunteers　are　composed　of　〃men　bought　by　the　communes

〃　and　administrative　bodies；　worthless　characters　of　the　street…

corners；　rustic　vagabonds　forced　to　march　by　lot　or　bribery；〃＇46＇

and　along　with　them；　enthusiasts　and　fanatics　to　such　an　extent

that；　from　March；　1792；　from　the　spot　of　their　enlistment　to　the

frontier；　their　track　is　everywhere　marked　by　pillage；　robbery；

devastation；　and　assassinations。　　Naturally；　on　the　road　and　at　the

frontier；　they　denounce；　drive　away；　imprison；　or　murder　their

officers；　and　especially　the　nobles。　　3/4　And　yet；　in　this

extremity；　numbers　of　noble　officers；　especially　in　the　artillery

and　engineer　corps；　persist　in　remaining　at　their　posts；　some

through　liberal　ideas；　and　others　out　of　respect　for　their

instructions；　even　after　the　10th　of　August；　even　after　the　2nd　of

September；　even　after　the　21st　of　January；　like　their　generals

Biron；　Custine；　de　Flers；　de　Broglie；　and　de　Montesquiou；　with　the

constant　perspective　of　the　guillotine　that　awaits　them　on　leaving

the　battlefield　and　even　in　the　ministerial　offices　of　Carnot。



VII。



Emigration　and　its　causes。　　…　　The　first　laws　against　the　emigrants。



It　is；　accordingly；　necessary　that　the　officers　and　nobles　should　go

away；　should　go　abroad；　and　not　only　they；　but　also　their　families。

〃Gentlemen　who　have　scarcely　six　hundred　livres　income　set　out　on

foot；〃＇47＇　and　there　is　no　doubt　as　to　the　motive　of　their

departure。　　〃Whoever　will　impartially　consider　the　sole　and

veritable　causes　of　the　emigration；〃　says　an　honest　man；　〃will　find

them　in　anarchy。　　If　the　liberty　of　the　individual　had　not　been

daily　threatened；　if；〃　in　the　civil　as　in　the　military　order　of

things；　〃the　senseless　dogma；　preached　by　the　factions；　that　crimes

committed　by　the　mob　are　the　judgments　of　heaven；　had　not　been　put

in　practice；　France　would　have　preserved　three　fourths　of　her

fugitives。　　Exposed　for　two　years　to　ignominious　dangers；　to　every

species　of　outrage；　to　innumerable　persecutions；　to　the　steel　of　the

assassin；　to　the　firebrands　of　incendiaries；　to　the　most　infamous

charges；　'to　the　denouncement　of'　their　corrupted　domestics；　to

domiciliary　visits〃　prompted　by　the　commonest　street　rumor；　〃to

arbitrary　imprisonment　by　the　Committee　of　Inquiry；〃　deprived　of

their　civil　rights；　driven　out　of　primary　meetings；　〃they　are　held

accountable　for　their　murmurs；　and　punished　for　a　sensibility　which

would　touch　the　heart　in　a　suffering　criminal。〃　　…　　〃　Resistance　is

nowhere　seen；　from　the　prince's　throne　to　the　parsonage　of　the

priest；　the　tempest　has　prostrated　all　malcontents　in　resignation。〃

Abandoned　〃to　the　restless　fury　of　the　clubs；　to　informers；　to

intimidated　officials；　they　find　executioners　on　all　sides　where

prudence　and　the　safety　of　the　State　have　enjoined　them　not　even　to

see　enemies。　　。　　。　　。　　Whoever　has　detested　th