free trade-第3章

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would　have　faigned；　though　to　an　evill　purpose。

　　　　The　Romanes　were　wont　to　weepe；　at　the　sight　of　Caesars　blood

kept　in　an　handkercher。　Caesars　subjects　blood　is　kept；　not　in

handkerchiefes　but　in　sheetes；　written　within　and　without；　the

memory　whereof　maketh　the　people　mourne。　The　cry　thereof　is　gone

up：　the　King　will　remember　it；　the　King　of　Kings　will　avenge　it。

　　　　Constantinus　the　Great；　the　father　of　Constantius；　was　wont

often　to　protest；　that　he　made　more　account　of　one　Christian　then

of　all　his　Coffers　filled　with　treasure。　And　the　Comfort　of　this

Nation　is；　to　bee　the　subjects　of　such　a　Sovertainge；　who　as

constantly　as　ever　did　Constantinus；　hath　againe　and　againe

profest；　Not　to　account　himselfe　more　rich　or　happie；　then　in　the

prosperitie　of　his　subjects。

　　　　Thus　much　of　the　Domestique　remote　causes　of　the　want　of

money　in　England：　the　forreine　causes　follow。　Which　are　either　in

respect　of　the　warres　in　christendome；　or　the　Trades　out　of

Christendome。　The　warres　in　Christendome　are　forreine　remote

causes　of　the　want　of　money；　either　by　causing　the　exportation；

as　the　warres　of　Christians：　or　hindering　the　importation

thereof；　as　the　warres　of　Pirates。　I　will　take　the　warres　of

Germanie　for　an　urgent　instance　of　the　former：　which　have　raised

the　Riecksdaller　from　two　Markes　Lubish；　to　twentie　markes

Lubish；　in　many　place　of　Germany：　whereby　abundance　of　money　is

drawne　unto　the　Mintes　of　those　Countries；　from　all　the　other

Mines　and　parts　of　Christendome。

　　　　And　for　the　latter；　I　will　instance　the　warres　of　the　Pirats

of　Argier　and　Tunis；　which　hath　robbed　this　Common…wealth　of　an

infinite　value：　the　crueltie　whereof　many　feele　with　griefe；

others　heare　with　pittie；　but　the　grivance　remaine's。　Needs　must

Christendome；　and　in　it　England；　feele　the　want　of　money；　when

either　it　is　violently　intercepted　by　Turkish　Pirats；　the　Enimies

of　God　and　man；　or　the　instruments　surprised；　as　men；　ships；　and

merchandize；　which　are　the　channels　to　convey　it　to　us。　And

heathenish　policie　it　is；　or　hellish　rather；　put　upon　the　Princes

and　people　of　Christendome　by　the　Grand　Seignour；　to　hold　with

them　an　outward　forme　to　amitie；　and　in　the　meane　time　by　his

vassals；　use　a　cunning　and　covert　hostilitie。

　　　　The　other　forreine　remote　cause　of　the　want　of　money；　are　the

Trades　maintained　out　of　Christendome　to　Turky；　Persia　and　the

East　Indies。　Which　trades　are　maintained　for　the　most　part　with

ready　money；　yet　in　a　different　manner　from　the　trades　of

Christendome　within　it　selfe。　For　although　the　trades　within

Christendome　are　diven　with　ready　monies；　yet　those　monies　are

still　contained　and　continued　within　the　bounds　of　Christendome。

There　is　indeede　a　fluxus　and　refluxus；　a　flood　and　ebbe　of　the

monies　of　Christendome　traded　within　it　selfe：　for　sometimes

there　is　more　in　one　part　of　Christendome；　sometimes　there　is

lesse　in　another；　as　one　countrey　wanteth；　and　another　aboundeth：

It　commeth　and　goeth；　and　whirleth　about　the　Circle　of

Christendome；　but　is　still　contained　with　the　compasse　thereof。

but　the　money　that　is　traded　out　of　Christendome　into　the　parts

aforesaid；　is　continually　issued　out　and　never　returneth　againe。

It　is　true；　those　trades　tend　to　an　admirable　encrease　of　the

stocke　of　Christendome　in　wares：　which　if　they　were　purchased

with　the　wares　of　Christendome；　according　to　the　true　nature　of

Commerce；　the　benefit　were　farre　more　excellent。　For　Commercium

is　quasi　Commutatio　mercium；　a　change　of　wares　for　wares；　not

money　for　wares。　And　it　is　Libera　commeandi　facultas；　abiis　qui

merces　ultro　citroque　conuehunt。

　　　　Or　if　the　Common…wealth　of　Christendome　were　like　to　that　of

Utopia；　where　gold　and　silver　are　of　lesse　esteem　then　Iron；　it

were　a　brave　exchange　to　lose　money　to　get　wares。　For　the　riches

of　former　ages　did　not　consist　re　pecuniaria　but　pecuaria。　Whence

pecunia；　as　Plinie　affirmeth；　was　so　called　a　pecude；　quia　pecus

suit　pecuniae　fundamentum；　&　antiquitus　pecunia　pecudis　effigie

signabatur。　But　when　Immooveable　and　Immutable　things　came　also

to　be　in　Commerce　amongst　men；　as　well　as　those　things　which　were

mooveable　and　fit　for　change；　then　came　money　in　use；　as　the　rule

and　square　whereby　things　might　receive　estimation　&　value。

Therefore　the　Civilians　affirme　that　Numus　est　｛Greek　phrase

omitted｝　dictus；　quod　instiutum　sit　Civile。　According　to　that　of

Aristotle。　｛Greek　phrase　omitted｝　Numus　non　est　a　natura　sed　a

lege。　And　thence　it　is　that　money　in　our　tongue　is　derived　of

moneta；　quasi　numi　nota。

　　　　Or　if　there　were　a　necessitie　to　Christendome；　to　use　those

forreine　wares：　or　that　the　meanes　whereby　they　are　to　be

procured；　were　without　the　losse　of　treasure：　or　lastly　that　the

same　tended　to　the　encrease　of　the　treasure　thereof　theexchage

were　excellent。　But　first　there　isno　such　necessitie：　for　that's

necessarie　to　doe　a　thing　without　which　it　cannot　be　done：　And

that's　necessarie　to　the　being　of　a　Common…wealth；　without　which

it　cannot　subsist。　But　thankes　to　God；　Christendome　is　richly

furnished　within　it　selfe；　with　all　things　fit　for　life　and

maintenance：　whether　we　respect　vitall　use；　as　foode　and　raiment：

or　physicall；　as　vegetables　and　mineral：　or　politicall；　as　gold；

silver；　and　infinite　varietie　of　merchandize。　Nor　are　those　wares

procured　without　the　losse　of　treasure；　no　nor　with　lesse

treasure。　For　as　those　wares　have　cost　lesse　in　price；　since　some

late　discoveries；　so　are　they　encreased　in　their　quantities；　by

the　ample　trade　of　all　parts　of　Christendome　thither；　more　then

before：　and　then　who　knowth　not　that　a　lesse　quantitie　deare；　and

a　greater　quantitie　cheape；　is　all　one　in　respect　of　the　value。

Nor　is　the　treasure　lessened　by　changing　the　course　of　trade　into

those　parts。　For　the　new　trades　found　out；　are　furnished　with　a

new　supply　of　money；　and　the　old　nevertheless　issue　out　as　much

treasure　as　before：　by　reason　that　the　same　are　enlarged　and

become　now　as　great；　apart；　as　heretofore　they　were；　together；

when　the　new　trades　were　included　in　the　old。　So　that　now　so　much

more　of　the　treasure　of　Christendome　is　wasted；　as　those　old　and

new　trades　are　encreased；　which　is　to　an　infinite　value。

　　　　Not　lastly；　is　the　treasure　of　Christendome　encreased　by

those　forreine　trades；　for　the　more　the　stock　of　Christendome　is

thereby　encreased　in　wares；　the　more　it　decreaseth　in　treasure：

which　the　parts　of　Christendome　must　needs　feele　by　Sympathy　and

compassion。

　　　　And　this；　that　prudent　and　politique　Emperour　Charles　the

fifth　perceived　in　his　time；　who　upon　a　question　betwixt　the

Spaniards　and　Portugalles　about　this　matter；　the　Emperour　used

words　to　this　effect：　You　Portugalles　for　a　suretie；　are　Enemies

to　all　Christendome；　for　you　carry　nothing　out　of　it　but　coine；

which　is　hurt　to　all　Countries。



Cap。　II。



The　Causes　of　the　decay　of　Trade；　in　the　Merchandize　of　England



　　　　Such　are　the　causes　of　the　matter　of　trade　considered　in　the

want　of　money；　themerchandize　followeth。　Merchandize　is　that

naturall　matter　of　Commerce；　whereby　men　busie　themselves　in

buying　and　selling；　chopping　and　changing；　to　the　encrease　of

Artes；　and　enriching　of　Common…wealths：　according　to　that　of　the

Poet　｛Greek　phrase　omitted｝；　Bona　lis　mortalibus　haec　est。

　　　　And　to　the　end　there　should　be　a　Commerce　amongst　men；　it

hath　pleased　God　to　invite　as　it　were；　one　Countrey　to　traffique

with　another；　by　the　variety　of　things　which　the　one　hath；　and

the　other　hath　not：　that　so　that　which　is　wanting　to　the　one；

might　be　supplied　by　the　other；　that　all　might　have　sufficient。

　　　　Which　thing　the　very　windes　and　seas　proclaime；　in　giving

passage　to　all　nations：　the　windes　blowing　sometimes　towards　one

Country；　sometimes　toward　another；　that　so　by　this　divine

justice；　every　one　might　be　supplyed　in　things　necessary　for　life

and　maintenance。

　　　　And　this；　Seneca　thought　to　be　a　principall　benefit　of

nature；　Quod　&　vento　gentes　locis　disipatas　miscuit；　&　sua　omnia

in　regiones　ita　descripsit；　ut　necessarium　mortalibus　esset　inter

ipsos　Commercium。　Nat