±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > a smaller history of greece >

µÚ53ÕÂ

a smaller history of greece-µÚ53ÕÂ

С˵£º a smaller history of greece ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



an¡¡equal¡¡number¡¡of¡¡native¡¡cavalry£»¡¡with¡¡which¡¡they¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡dispute¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡river¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡Rhodian£»¡¡named¡¡Memnon£»¡¡had¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡command¡£¡¡The¡¡veteran¡¡general¡¡Parmenio¡¡advised¡¡Alexander¡¡to¡¡delay¡¡the¡¡attack¡¡till¡¡the¡¡following¡¡morning£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡he¡¡replied£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡omen¡¡at¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡his¡¡expedition£»¡¡if£»¡¡after¡¡passing¡¡the¡¡Hellespont£»¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡stopped¡¡by¡¡a¡¡paltry¡¡stream¡£¡¡Thereupon¡¡he¡¡directed¡¡his¡¡cavalry¡¡to¡¡cross¡¡the¡¡river£»¡¡and¡¡followed¡¡himself¡¡at¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡phalanx¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡passage£»¡¡however£»¡¡was¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡easy¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡stream¡¡was¡¡in¡¡many¡¡parts¡¡so¡¡deep¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡hardly¡¡fordable£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡bank¡¡was¡¡steep¡¡and¡¡rugged¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡cavalry¡¡had¡¡great¡¡difficulty¡¡in¡¡maintaining¡¡their¡¡ground¡¡till¡¡Alexander¡¡came¡¡up¡¡to¡¡their¡¡relief¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡immediately¡¡charged¡¡into¡¡the¡¡thickest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fray£»¡¡and¡¡exposed¡¡himself¡¡so¡¡much¡¡that¡¡his¡¡life¡¡was¡¡often¡¡in¡¡imminent¡¡danger£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡one¡¡occasion¡¡was¡¡saved¡¡only¡¡by¡¡the¡¡interposition¡¡of¡¡his¡¡friend¡¡Clitus¡£¡¡¡¡Having¡¡routed¡¡the¡¡Persians£»¡¡he¡¡next¡¡attacked¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡mercenaries£»¡¡2000¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡were¡¡made¡¡prisoners£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡nearly¡¡all¡¡cut¡¡to¡¡pieces£»¡¡In¡¡this¡¡engagement¡¡he¡¡killed¡¡two¡¡Persian¡¡officers¡¡with¡¡his¡¡own¡¡hand¡£

Alexander¡¡now¡¡marched¡¡southwards¡¡towards¡¡Sardis£»¡¡which¡¡surrendered¡¡before¡¡he¡¡came¡¡within¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡its¡¡walls¡£¡¡¡¡Having¡¡left¡¡a¡¡garrison¡¡in¡¡that¡¡city£»¡¡he¡¡arrived¡¡after¡¡a¡¡four¡¡days'¡¡march¡¡before¡¡Ephesus£»¡¡which¡¡likewise¡¡capitulated¡¡on¡¡his¡¡approach¡£¡¡Magnesia£»¡¡Tralles£»¡¡and¡¡Miletus¡¡next¡¡fell¡¡into¡¡his¡¡hands£»¡¡the¡¡last¡¡after¡¡a¡¡short¡¡siege¡£¡¡¡¡Halicarnassus¡¡made¡¡more¡¡resistance¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡be¡¡regularly¡¡approached£»¡¡but¡¡at¡¡length¡¡Memnon£»¡¡finding¡¡it¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡tenable£»¡¡set¡¡fire¡¡to¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡night£»¡¡and¡¡crossed¡¡over¡¡to¡¡Cos¡£¡¡¡¡Alexander¡¡caused¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡razed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡pursued¡¡his¡¡march¡¡along¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Asia¡¡Minor£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡view¡¡of¡¡seizing¡¡those¡¡towns¡¡which¡¡might¡¡afford¡¡shelter¡¡to¡¡a¡¡Persian¡¡fleet¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡winter¡¡was¡¡now¡¡approaching£»¡¡and¡¡Alexander¡¡sent¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡part¡¡of¡¡his¡¡army¡¡under¡¡Parmenio¡¡into¡¡winter¡­¡¡quarters¡¡at¡¡Sardis¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡also¡¡sent¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Macedonia¡¡such¡¡officers¡¡and¡¡soldiers¡¡as¡¡had¡¡been¡¡recently¡¡married£»¡¡on¡¡condition¡¡that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡return¡¡in¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡with¡¡what¡¡reinforcements¡¡they¡¡could¡¡raise£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡the¡¡same¡¡view¡¡he¡¡despatched¡¡an¡¡officer¡¡to¡¡recruit¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Peloponnesus¡£¡¡¡¡Meanwhile¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡with¡¡a¡¡chosen¡¡body¡¡proceeded¡¡along¡¡the¡¡coasts¡¡of¡¡Lycia¡¡and¡¡Pamphylia£»¡¡having¡¡instructed¡¡Parmenio¡¡to¡¡rejoin¡¡him¡¡in¡¡Phrygia¡¡in¡¡the¡¡spring£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡main¡¡body¡£¡¡¡¡After¡¡he¡¡had¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡Xanthus¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lycian¡¡towns¡¡tendered¡¡their¡¡submission¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡borders¡¡of¡¡Lycia¡¡and¡¡Pamphylia£»¡¡Mount¡¡Climax£»¡¡a¡¡branch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Taurus¡¡range£»¡¡runs¡¡abruptly¡¡into¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡leaving¡¡only¡¡a¡¡narrow¡¡passage¡¡at¡¡its¡¡foot£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡frequently¡¡overflowed¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡case¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Alexander's¡¡approach¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡therefore¡¡sent¡¡his¡¡main¡¡body¡¡by¡¡a¡¡long¡¡and¡¡difficult¡¡road¡¡across¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡to¡¡Perge£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡who¡¡loved¡¡danger¡¡for¡¡its¡¡own¡¡sake£»¡¡proceeded¡¡with¡¡a¡¡chosen¡¡band¡¡along¡¡the¡¡shore£»¡¡wading¡¡through¡¡water¡¡that¡¡was¡¡breast¡­high¡¡for¡¡nearly¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡day¡£¡¡¡¡Then¡¡forcing¡¡his¡¡way¡¡northwards¡¡through¡¡the¡¡barbarous¡¡tribes¡¡which¡¡inhabited¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡of¡¡Pisidia£»¡¡he¡¡encamped¡¡in¡¡the¡¡neighbourhood¡¡of¡¡Gordium¡¡in¡¡Phrygia¡£¡¡¡¡Here¡¡he¡¡was¡¡rejoined¡¡by¡¡Parmenio¡¡and¡¡by¡¡the¡¡new¡¡levies¡¡from¡¡Greece¡£¡¡¡¡Gordium¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡the¡¡early¡¡Phrygian¡¡kings£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡it¡¡was¡¡preserved¡¡with¡¡superstitious¡¡veneration¡¡the¡¡chariot¡¡or¡¡waggon¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡celebrated¡¡Midas£»¡¡the¡¡son¡¡of¡¡Gordius£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡his¡¡parents£»¡¡had¡¡entered¡¡the¡¡town£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡conformity¡¡with¡¡an¡¡oracle¡¡had¡¡been¡¡elevated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡monarchy¡£¡¡¡¡An¡¡ancient¡¡prophecy¡¡promised¡¡the¡¡sovereignty¡¡of¡¡Asia¡¡to¡¡him¡¡who¡¡should¡¡untie¡¡the¡¡knot¡¡of¡¡bark¡¡which¡¡fastened¡¡the¡¡yoke¡¡of¡¡the¡¡waggon¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pole¡£¡¡¡¡Alexander¡¡repaired¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Acropolis£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡waggon¡¡was¡¡preserved£»¡¡to¡¡attempt¡¡this¡¡adventure¡£¡¡¡¡Whether¡¡he¡¡undid¡¡the¡¡knot¡¡by¡¡drawing¡¡out¡¡a¡¡peg£»¡¡or¡¡cut¡¡it¡¡through¡¡with¡¡his¡¡sword£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡doubt£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡fulfilled¡¡the¡¡prediction¡¡was¡¡placed¡¡beyond¡¡dispute¡¡that¡¡very¡¡night¡¡by¡¡a¡¡great¡¡storm¡¡of¡¡thunder¡¡and¡¡lightning¡£

In¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡333¡¡Alexander¡¡pursued¡¡his¡¡march¡¡eastwards£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡arriving¡¡at¡¡Ancyra¡¡received¡¡the¡¡submission¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Paphlagonians¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡then¡¡advanced¡¡through¡¡Cappadocia¡¡without¡¡resistance£»¡¡and¡¡forcing¡¡his¡¡way¡¡through¡¡the¡¡passes¡¡of¡¡Mount¡¡Taurus¡¡£¨the¡¡PYLAE¡¡CILICIAE£©£»¡¡he¡¡descended¡¡into¡¡the¡¡plains¡¡of¡¡Cilicia¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡he¡¡pushed¡¡on¡¡rapidly¡¡to¡¡Tarsus£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡found¡¡abandoned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡enemy¡£¡¡¡¡Whilst¡¡still¡¡heated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡march¡¡Alexander¡¡plunged¡¡into¡¡the¡¡clear¡¡but¡¡cold¡¡stream¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Cydnus£»¡¡which¡¡runs¡¡by¡¡the¡¡town¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡result¡¡was¡¡a¡¡fever£»¡¡which¡¡soon¡¡became¡¡so¡¡violent¡¡as¡¡to¡¡threaten¡¡his¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡An¡¡Acarnanian¡¡physician£»¡¡named¡¡Philip£»¡¡who¡¡accompanied¡¡him£»¡¡prescribed¡¡a¡¡remedy£»¡¡but¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡Alexander¡¡received¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡informing¡¡him¡¡that¡¡Philip¡¡had¡¡been¡¡bribed¡¡by¡¡Darius£»¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡king£»¡¡to¡¡poison¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had¡¡however£»¡¡too¡¡much¡¡confidence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡trusty¡¡Philip¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡the¡¡accusation¡¡and¡¡handed¡¡him¡¡the¡¡letter¡¡whilst¡¡he¡¡drank¡¡the¡¡draught¡£¡¡¡¡Either¡¡the¡¡medicine£»¡¡or¡¡Alexander's¡¡youthful¡¡constitution£»¡¡at¡¡length¡¡triumphed¡¡over¡¡the¡¡disorder¡£¡¡After¡¡remaining¡¡some¡¡time¡¡at¡¡Tarsus£»¡¡he¡¡continued¡¡his¡¡march¡¡along¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡to¡¡Mallus£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡first¡¡received¡¡certain¡¡tidings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Persian¡¡army£»¡¡commanded¡¡by¡¡Darius¡¡in¡¡person¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡consisted¡¡of¡¡600£»000¡¡fighting¡¡men£»¡¡besides¡¡all¡¡that¡¡train¡¡of¡¡attendants¡¡which¡¡usually¡¡accompanied¡¡the¡¡march¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Persian¡¡monarch¡£¡¡¡¡Alexander¡¡found¡¡Darius¡¡encamped¡¡near¡¡Issus¡¡on¡¡the¡¡right¡¡bank¡¡of¡¡the¡¡little¡¡river¡¡Pinarus¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Persian¡¡king¡¡could¡¡hardly¡¡have¡¡been¡¡caught¡¡in¡¡a¡¡more¡¡unfavourable¡¡position£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡narrow¡¡and¡¡rugged¡¡plain¡¡between¡¡Mount¡¡Amanus¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡afforded¡¡no¡¡scope¡¡for¡¡the¡¡evolutions¡¡of¡¡large¡¡bodies£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡entirely¡¡deprived¡¡him¡¡of¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡his¡¡numerical¡¡superiority¡£¡¡¡¡Alexander¡¡occupied¡¡the¡¡pass¡¡between¡¡Syria¡¡and¡¡Cilicia¡¡at¡¡midnight£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡daybreak¡¡began¡¡to¡¡descend¡¡into¡¡the¡¡plain¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Pinarus£»¡¡ordering¡¡his¡¡troops¡¡to¡¡deploy¡¡into¡¡line¡¡as¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡expanded¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡to¡¡arrive¡¡in¡¡battle¡­array¡¡before¡¡the¡¡Persians¡£¡¡¡¡Darius¡¡had¡¡thrown¡¡30£»000¡¡cavalry¡¡and¡¡20£»000¡¡infantry¡¡across¡¡the¡¡river£»¡¡to¡¡check¡¡the¡¡advance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Macedonians£»¡¡whilst¡¡on¡¡the¡¡right¡¡bank¡¡were¡¡drawn¡¡up¡¡his¡¡choicest¡¡Persian¡¡troops¡¡to¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡60£»000£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡30£»000¡¡Greek¡¡mercenaries£»¡¡who¡¡formed¡¡the¡¡centre£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡chiefly¡¡relied¡£¡¡¡¡These£»¡¡it¡¡appears£»¡¡were¡¡all¡¡that¡¡the¡¡breadth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plain¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡drawn¡¡up¡¡in¡¡line¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡remainder¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡host¡¡were¡¡posted¡¡in¡¡separate¡¡bodies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡farther¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plain£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡take¡¡any¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡combat¡£¡¡¡¡Darius¡¡placed¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡the¡¡line¡¡in¡¡a¡¡magnificent¡¡state¡¡chariot¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡banks¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Pinarus¡¡were¡¡in¡¡many¡¡parts¡¡steep£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡they¡¡were¡¡level¡¡Darius¡¡had¡¡caused¡¡them¡¡to¡¡be¡¡intrenched¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡Alexander¡¡advanced£»¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡cavalry¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡thrown¡¡across¡¡the¡¡river¡¡were¡¡recalled£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡20£»000¡¡infantry¡¡had¡¡been¡¡driven¡¡into¡¡the¡¡mountains£»¡¡where¡¡Alexander¡¡held¡¡them¡¡in¡¡check¡¡with¡¡a¡¡small¡¡body¡¡of¡¡horse¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡left¡¡wing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Macedonians£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡command¡¡of¡¡Parmenio£»¡¡was¡¡ordered¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡near¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡being¡¡outflanked¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡right¡¡wing¡¡was¡¡led¡¡by¡¡Alexander¡¡in¡¡person£»¡¡who¡¡rushed¡¡impetuously¡¡into¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡soon¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡close¡¡combat¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Persians¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡were¡¡immediately¡¡routed£»¡¡but¡¡what¡¡chiefly¡¡decided¡¡the¡¡fortune¡¡of¡¡the¡¡day¡¡was¡¡the¡¡timidity¡¡of¡¡Darius¡¡himself£»¡¡who£»¡¡on¡¡beholding¡¡the¡¡defeat¡¡of¡¡his¡¡left¡¡wing£»¡¡immediately¡¡took¡¡to¡¡flight¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡example¡¡was¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡army¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡Persians¡¡are¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡left¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡field¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡reaching¡¡the¡¡hills¡¡Darius¡¡threw¡¡aside¡¡his¡¡royal¡¡robes¡¡his¡¡bow¡¡and¡¡shield£»¡¡and£»¡¡mounting¡¡a¡¡fleet¡¡courser£»¡¡was¡¡soon¡¡out¡¡of¡¡reach¡¡of¡¡pursuit¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Persian¡¡camp¡¡became¡¡the¡¡spoil¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Macedonians£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡tent¡¡of¡¡Darius£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡his¡¡chariot£»¡¡robes£»¡¡and¡¡arms£»¡¡was¡¡reserved¡¡for¡¡Alexander¡¡himself¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡now¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Macedonian¡¡king¡¡first¡¡had¡¡ocular¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡Eastern¡¡royalty¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡compartment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tent¡¡of¡¡Darius¡¡had¡¡been¡¡fitted¡¡up¡¡as¡¡a¡¡bath£»¡¡which¡¡steamed¡¡with¡¡the¡¡richest¡¡odours£»¡¡whilst¡¡another¡¡presented¡¡a¡¡magnificent¡¡pavilion£»¡¡containing¡¡a¡¡table¡¡richly¡¡spread¡¡for¡¡the¡¡banquet¡¡of¡¡Darius¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡from¡¡an¡¡adjoining¡¡tent¡¡issued¡¡the¡¡wail¡¡of¡¡female¡¡voices£»¡¡where¡¡Sisygambis

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ