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pithes¡¡came¡¡into¡¡actual¡¡collision¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Macedonians¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡following¡¡year¡¡Philip¡¡began¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡cities¡¡north¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hellespont¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡first¡¡besieged¡¡and¡¡captured¡¡Selymbria¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Propontis£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡turned¡¡his¡¡arms¡¡against¡¡Perinthus¡¡and¡¡Byzantium¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡roused¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡to¡¡more¡¡vigorous¡¡action¡£¡¡¡¡War¡¡was¡¡formally¡¡declared¡¡against¡¡Philip£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡fleet¡¡equipped¡¡for¡¡the¡¡immediate¡¡relief¡¡of¡¡Byzantium¡£¡¡Philip¡¡was¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡the¡¡siege¡¡not¡¡only¡¡of¡¡that¡¡town¡¡but¡¡of¡¡Perinthus¡¡also£»¡¡and¡¡finally¡¡to¡¡evacuate¡¡the¡¡Chersonesus¡¡altogether¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡these¡¡acceptable¡¡services¡¡the¡¡grateful¡¡Byzantians¡¡erected¡¡a¡¡colossal¡¡statue¡¡in¡¡honour¡¡of¡¡Athens¡£
After¡¡this¡¡check¡¡Philip¡¡undertook¡¡an¡¡expedition¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Thracians£»¡¡but¡¡meantime¡¡his¡¡partisans¡¡procured¡¡for¡¡him¡¡an¡¡opportunity¡¡of¡¡marching¡¡again¡¡into¡¡the¡¡very¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡Greece¡£
Amphissa£»¡¡a¡¡Locrian¡¡town£»¡¡having¡¡been¡¡declared¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Amphictyonic¡¡council¡¡guilty¡¡of¡¡sacrilege£»¡¡Philip¡¡was¡¡appointed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡council¡¡as¡¡their¡¡general¡¡to¡¡inflict¡¡punishment¡¡on¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡guilty¡¡town¡£¡¡¡¡Accordingly¡¡he¡¡marched¡¡southwards¡¡early¡¡in¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡338£»¡¡but¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡proceeding¡¡in¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡Amphissa£»¡¡he¡¡suddenly¡¡seized¡¡Elatea£»¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡town¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡part¡¡of¡¡Phocis£»¡¡thus¡¡showing¡¡clearly¡¡enough¡¡that¡¡his¡¡real¡¡design¡¡was¡¡against¡¡Boeotia¡¡and¡¡Attica¡£¡¡¡¡Intelligence¡¡of¡¡this¡¡event¡¡reached¡¡Athens¡¡at¡¡night£»¡¡and¡¡caused¡¡extraordinary¡¡alarm£»¡¡In¡¡the¡¡following¡¡morning¡¡Demosthenes¡¡pressed¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡assembly¡¡the¡¡necessity¡¡for¡¡making¡¡the¡¡most¡¡vigorous¡¡preparations¡¡for¡¡defence£»¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡recommended¡¡them¡¡to¡¡send¡¡an¡¡embassy¡¡to¡¡Thebes£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡persuade¡¡the¡¡Thebans¡¡to¡¡unite¡¡with¡¡them¡¡against¡¡the¡¡common¡¡enemy¡£
The¡¡details¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡that¡¡followed¡¡are¡¡exceedingly¡¡obscure¡£¡¡Philip¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡have¡¡again¡¡opened¡¡negotiations¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Thebans£»¡¡which¡¡failed£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡then¡¡find¡¡the¡¡combined¡¡Theban¡¡and¡¡Athenian¡¡armies¡¡marching¡¡out¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡Macedonians¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡decisive¡¡battle¡¡was¡¡fought¡¡on¡¡the¡¡7th¡¡of¡¡August£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡plain¡¡of¡¡Chaeronea¡¡in¡¡Boeotia£»¡¡near¡¡the¡¡frontier¡¡of¡¡Phocis¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡338£©¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Macedonian¡¡army¡¡was¡¡Philip's¡¡son£»¡¡the¡¡youthful¡¡Alexander£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡intrusted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡command¡¡of¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wings£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡charge¡¡made¡¡by¡¡him¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Theban¡¡sacred¡¡band¡¡that¡¡decided¡¡the¡¡fortune¡¡of¡¡the¡¡day¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡sacred¡¡band¡¡was¡¡cut¡¡to¡¡pieces£»¡¡without¡¡flinching¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡which¡¡it¡¡occupied£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡remainder¡¡of¡¡the¡¡combined¡¡army¡¡was¡¡completely¡¡routed¡£¡¡¡¡Demosthenes£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡serving¡¡as¡¡a¡¡foot¡soldier¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡ranks£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡absurdly¡¡reproached¡¡with¡¡cowardice¡¡because¡¡he¡¡participated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡general¡¡flight¡£
The¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡Chaeronea¡¡crushed¡¡the¡¡liberties¡¡of¡¡Greece£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡it¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡a¡¡province¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Macedonian¡¡monarchy¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡Athens¡¡herself¡¡the¡¡blow¡¡was¡¡almost¡¡as¡¡fatal¡¡as¡¡that¡¡of¡¡AEgospotami¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Philip¡¡used¡¡his¡¡victory¡¡excited¡¡universal¡¡surprise¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡dismissed¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡prisoners¡¡without¡¡ransom£»¡¡and¡¡voluntarily¡¡offered¡¡a¡¡peace¡¡on¡¡terms¡¡more¡¡advantageous¡¡than¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡themselves¡¡would¡¡have¡¡ventured¡¡to¡¡propose¡£¡¡¡¡Philip£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡regarded¡¡Athens¡¡with¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡love¡¡and¡¡respect£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡art¡¡and¡¡refinement£»¡¡for¡¡his¡¡treatment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Thebans¡¡was¡¡very¡¡different£»¡¡and¡¡marked¡¡by¡¡great¡¡harshness¡¡and¡¡severity¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡were¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡recall¡¡their¡¡exiles£»¡¡in¡¡whose¡¡hands¡¡the¡¡government¡¡was¡¡placed£»¡¡whilst¡¡a¡¡Macedonian¡¡garrison¡¡was¡¡established¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Cadmea¡£
A¡¡congress¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Grecian¡¡states¡¡was¡¡now¡¡summoned¡¡at¡¡Corinth£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡war¡¡was¡¡declared¡¡against¡¡Persia£»¡¡and¡¡Philip¡¡was¡¡appointed¡¡generalissimo¡¡of¡¡the¡¡expedition¡£
In¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡336¡¡Philip¡¡sent¡¡some¡¡forces¡¡into¡¡Asia£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡command¡¡of¡¡Attalus£»¡¡Parmenio£»¡¡and¡¡Amyntas£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡designed¡¡to¡¡engage¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡cities¡¡of¡¡Asia¡¡in¡¡the¡¡expedition¡£¡¡But¡¡before¡¡quitting¡¡Macedonia£»¡¡Philip¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡provide¡¡for¡¡the¡¡safety¡¡of¡¡his¡¡dominions¡¡by¡¡celebrating¡¡the¡¡marriage¡¡of¡¡his¡¡daughter¡¡with¡¡Alexander¡¡of¡¡Epirus¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡solemnized¡¡at¡¡AEgae£»¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡Macedonia£»¡¡with¡¡much¡¡pomp£»¡¡including¡¡banquets£»¡¡and¡¡musical¡¡and¡¡theatrical¡¡entertainments¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡day¡¡after¡¡the¡¡nuptials¡¡was¡¡dedicated¡¡to¡¡theatrical¡¡entertainments¡£¡¡The¡¡festival¡¡was¡¡opened¡¡with¡¡a¡¡procession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡images¡¡of¡¡the¡¡twelve¡¡Olympian¡¡deities£»¡¡with¡¡which¡¡was¡¡associated¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Philip¡¡himself¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡monarch¡¡took¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡procession£»¡¡dressed¡¡in¡¡white¡¡robes£»¡¡and¡¡crowned¡¡with¡¡a¡¡chaplet¡£¡¡¡¡Whilst¡¡thus¡¡proceeding¡¡through¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡a¡¡youth¡¡suddenly¡¡rushed¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crowd£»¡¡and£»¡¡drawing¡¡a¡¡long¡¡sword¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡concealed¡¡under¡¡his¡¡clothes£»¡¡plunged¡¡it¡¡into¡¡Philip's¡¡side£»¡¡who¡¡fell¡¡dead¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡spot¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡assassin¡¡was¡¡pursued¡¡by¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡royal¡¡guards£»¡¡and£»¡¡having¡¡stumbled¡¡in¡¡his¡¡flight£»¡¡was¡¡despatched¡¡before¡¡he¡¡could¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡place¡¡where¡¡horses¡¡had¡¡been¡¡provided¡¡for¡¡his¡¡escape¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡name¡¡was¡¡Pausanias¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a¡¡youth¡¡of¡¡noble¡¡birth£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡are¡¡told¡¡that¡¡his¡¡motive¡¡for¡¡taking¡¡Philip's¡¡life¡¡was¡¡that¡¡the¡¡king¡¡had¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡punish¡¡an¡¡outrage¡¡which¡¡Attalus¡¡had¡¡committed¡¡against¡¡him¡£
Thus¡¡fell¡¡Philip¡¡of¡¡Macedon¡¡in¡¡the¡¡twenty¡fourth¡¡year¡¡of¡¡his¡¡reign¡¡and¡¡forty¡seventh¡¡of¡¡his¡¡age¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡336£©¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡we¡¡reflect¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡achievements£»¡¡and¡¡how£»¡¡partly¡¡by¡¡policy¡¡and¡¡partly¡¡by¡¡arms£»¡¡he¡¡converted¡¡his¡¡originally¡¡poor¡¡and¡¡distracted¡¡kingdom¡¡into¡¡the¡¡mistress¡¡of¡¡Greece£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡acknowledge¡¡him¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡an¡¡extraordinary£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡a¡¡great¡¡man£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡better¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡that¡¡term¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡views¡¡and¡¡his¡¡ambition¡¡were¡¡certainly¡¡as¡¡large¡¡as¡¡those¡¡of¡¡his¡¡son¡¡Alexander£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡was¡¡prevented¡¡by¡¡a¡¡premature¡¡death¡¡from¡¡carrying¡¡them¡¡out£»¡¡nor¡¡would¡¡Alexander¡¡himself¡¡have¡¡been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡perform¡¡his¡¡great¡¡achievements¡¡had¡¡not¡¡Philip¡¡handed¡¡down¡¡to¡¡him¡¡all¡¡the¡¡means¡¡and¡¡instruments¡¡which¡¡they¡¡required¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XX¡£
ALEXANDER¡¡THE¡¡GREAT£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡336¡323¡£
Alexander£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡his¡¡father's¡¡death£»¡¡was¡¡in¡¡his¡¡twentieth¡¡year£»¡¡having¡¡been¡¡born¡¡in¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡356¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡early¡¡education¡¡was¡¡entrusted¡¡to¡¡Leonidas£»¡¡a¡¡kinsman¡¡of¡¡his¡¡mother£»¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡severe¡¡and¡¡parsimonious¡¡character£»¡¡who¡¡trained¡¡him¡¡with¡¡Spartan¡¡simplicity¡¡and¡¡hardihood£»¡¡whilst¡¡Lysimachus£»¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡under¡governor£»¡¡early¡¡inspired¡¡the¡¡young¡¡prince¡¡with¡¡ambitious¡¡notions£»¡¡by¡¡teaching¡¡him¡¡to¡¡love¡¡and¡¡emulate¡¡the¡¡heroes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Iliad¡£¡¡¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡traditions¡¡of¡¡his¡¡family£»¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡of¡¡Achilles¡¡actually¡¡ran¡¡in¡¡the¡¡veins¡¡of¡¡Alexander£»¡¡£§His¡¡mother¡¡Olympias¡¡was¡¡the¡¡daughter¡¡of¡¡Neoptolemus£»¡¡king¡¡of¡¡Epirus¡¡who¡¡claimed¡¡descent¡¡from¡¡Pyrrhus£»¡¡the¡¡son¡¡of¡¡Achilles¡££§¡¡¡¡and¡¡Lysimachus¡¡nourished¡¡the¡¡feeling¡¡which¡¡that¡¡circumstance¡¡was¡¡calculated¡¡to¡¡awaken¡¡by¡¡giving¡¡him¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡that¡¡hero£»¡¡whilst¡¡he¡¡called¡¡Philip¡¡Peleus£»¡¡and¡¡himself¡¡Phoenix¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡most¡¡striking¡¡feature¡¡in¡¡Alexander's¡¡education¡¡was£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡Aristotle¡¡for¡¡his¡¡teacher£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡thus¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡conqueror¡¡of¡¡the¡¡material¡¡world¡¡received¡¡the¡¡instructions¡¡of¡¡him¡¡who¡¡has¡¡exercised¡¡the¡¡most¡¡extensive¡¡empire¡¡over¡¡the¡¡human¡¡intellect¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡probably¡¡at¡¡about¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡thirteen¡¡that¡¡he¡¡first¡¡received¡¡the¡¡lessons¡¡of¡¡Aristotle£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡have¡¡continued¡¡more¡¡than¡¡three¡¡years£»¡¡for¡¡Alexander¡¡soon¡¡left¡¡the¡¡schools¡¡for¡¡the¡¡employments¡¡of¡¡active¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡sixteen¡¡we¡¡find¡¡him¡¡regent¡¡of¡¡Macedonia¡¡during¡¡Philip's¡¡absence£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡eighteen¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡him¡¡filling¡¡a¡¡prominent¡¡military¡¡post¡¡at¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡Chaeronea¡£
On¡¡succeeding¡¡to¡¡the¡¡throne¡¡Alexander¡¡announced¡¡his¡¡intention¡¡of¡¡prosecuting¡¡his¡¡father's¡¡expedition¡¡into¡¡Asia£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡first¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡him¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡the¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡Greece£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡news¡¡of¡¡Philip's¡¡assassination£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡accession¡¡of¡¡so¡¡young¡¡a¡¡prince£»¡¡had¡¡excited¡¡in¡¡several¡¡states¡¡a¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡shaking¡¡off¡¡the¡¡Macedonian¡¡yoke¡£¡¡¡¡Athens¡¡was¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡these¡¡movements¡£¡¡Demosthenes£»¡¡although¡¡in¡¡mourning¡¡for¡¡the¡¡recent¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡an¡¡only¡¡daughter£»¡¡now¡¡came¡¡abroad¡¡dressed¡¡in¡¡white£»¡¡and¡¡crowned¡¡with¡¡a¡¡chaplet£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡attire¡¡he¡¡was¡¡seen¡¡sacrificing¡¡at¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public¡¡altars¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡also¡¡moved¡¡a¡¡decree¡¡that¡¡Philip's¡¡death¡¡should¡¡be¡¡celebrated¡¡by¡¡a¡¡public¡¡thanksgiving£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡religious¡¡honours¡¡should¡¡be¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡the¡¡memory¡¡of¡¡Pausanias¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡he¡¡made¡¡vigorous¡¡preparations¡¡for¡¡action¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡despatched¡¡envoys¡¡to¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡Grecian¡¡states¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡inciting¡¡them¡¡against¡¡Macedon¡£¡¡¡¡Sparta£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡Peloponnesus£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡Megalopolis¡¡and¡¡Messenia£»¡¡seemed¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡shake¡¡off¡¡their¡¡compulsory¡¡alliance¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡the¡¡Thebans¡¡rose¡¡ag