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tion£»¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡influence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡¡¡During¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡part¡¡of¡¡his¡¡life£»¡¡though¡¡he¡¡was¡¡totally¡¡deprived¡¡of¡¡sight£»¡¡yet£»¡¡when¡¡important¡¡affairs¡¡were¡¡discussed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡assembly£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡customary¡¡to¡¡send¡¡for¡¡Timoleon£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡a¡¡car¡¡into¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡theatre¡¡amid¡¡the¡¡shouts¡¡and¡¡affectionate¡¡greetings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡assembled¡¡citizens¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡tumult¡¡of¡¡his¡¡reception¡¡had¡¡subsided¡¡he¡¡listened¡¡patiently¡¡to¡¡the¡¡debate¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡opinion¡¡which¡¡he¡¡pronounced¡¡was¡¡usually¡¡ratified¡¡by¡¡the¡¡vote¡¡of¡¡the¡¡assembly£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡then¡¡left¡¡the¡¡theatre¡¡amidst¡¡the¡¡same¡¡cheers¡¡which¡¡had¡¡greeted¡¡his¡¡arrival¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡this¡¡happy¡¡and¡¡honoured¡¡condition¡¡he¡¡breathed¡¡his¡¡last¡¡in¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡336£»¡¡a¡¡few¡¡years¡¡after¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡Crimesus¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡splendidly¡¡interred¡¡at¡¡the¡¡public¡¡cost£»¡¡whilst¡¡the¡¡tears¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡Syracusan¡¡population¡¡followed¡¡him¡¡to¡¡the¡¡grave¡£



CHAPTER¡¡XIX¡£

PHILIP¡¡OF¡¡MACEDON£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡359¡­336¡£

The¡¡internal¡¡dissensions¡¡of¡¡Greece¡¡produced¡¡their¡¡natural¡¡fruits£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡now¡¡to¡¡relate¡¡the¡¡downfall¡¡of¡¡her¡¡independence¡¡and¡¡her¡¡subjugation¡¡by¡¡a¡¡foreign¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡power¡¡was¡¡Macedonia£»¡¡an¡¡obscure¡¡state¡¡to¡¡the¡¡north¡¡of¡¡Thessaly£»¡¡hitherto¡¡overlooked¡¡and¡¡despised£»¡¡and¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡altogether¡¡barbarous£»¡¡and¡¡without¡¡the¡¡pale¡¡of¡¡Grecian¡¡civilization¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡though¡¡the¡¡Macedonians¡¡were¡¡not¡¡Greeks£»¡¡their¡¡sovereigns¡¡claimed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡descended¡¡from¡¡an¡¡Hellenic¡¡race£»¡¡namely£»¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Temenus¡¡of¡¡Argos£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said¡¡that¡¡Alexander¡¡I¡£¡¡proved¡¡his¡¡Argive¡¡descent¡¡previously¡¡to¡¡contending¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Olympic¡¡games¡£¡¡¡¡Perdiccas¡¡is¡¡commonly¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡founder¡¡of¡¡the¡¡monarchy£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡however£»¡¡little¡¡is¡¡known¡¡till¡¡the¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡Amyntas¡¡I¡££»¡¡his¡¡fifth¡¡successor£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡contemporary¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Pisistratidae¡¡at¡¡Athens¡£¡¡¡¡Under¡¡Amyntas£»¡¡who¡¡submitted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡satrap¡¡Megabyzus£»¡¡Macedonia¡¡became¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡Persia£»¡¡and¡¡remained¡¡so¡¡till¡¡after¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡Plataea¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡reigns¡¡of¡¡the¡¡succeeding¡¡sovereigns¡¡present¡¡little¡¡that¡¡is¡¡remarkable£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Archelaus¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡413£©¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡monarch¡¡transferred¡¡his¡¡residence¡¡from¡¡AEgae¡¡to¡¡Pella£»¡¡which¡¡thus¡¡became¡¡the¡¡capital¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡entertained¡¡many¡¡literary¡¡men¡¡at¡¡his¡¡court£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡Euripides£»¡¡who¡¡ended¡¡his¡¡days¡¡at¡¡Pella¡£¡¡¡¡Archelaus¡¡was¡¡assassinated¡¡in¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡399£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡crown¡¡devolved¡¡upon¡¡Amyntas¡¡II¡££»¡¡a¡¡representative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡line¡£¡¡¡¡Amyntas¡¡left¡¡three¡¡sons£»¡¡the¡¡youngest¡¡being¡¡the¡¡celebrated¡¡Philip£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡we¡¡have¡¡now¡¡to¡¡speak¡£

It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡already¡¡mentioned¡¡that¡¡the¡¡youthful¡¡Philip¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hostages¡¡delivered¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Thebans¡¡as¡¡security¡¡for¡¡the¡¡peace¡¡effected¡¡by¡¡Pelopidas¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡residence¡¡at¡¡Thebes¡¡gave¡¡him¡¡some¡¡tincture¡¡of¡¡Grecian¡¡philosophy¡¡and¡¡literature£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡lesson¡¡which¡¡he¡¡learned¡¡at¡¡that¡¡city¡¡was¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡with¡¡all¡¡the¡¡improved¡¡tactics¡¡introduced¡¡by¡¡Epaminondas¡£¡¡Philip¡¡succeeded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡throne¡¡at¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡23¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡359£©£»¡¡and¡¡displayed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡his¡¡reign¡¡his¡¡extraordinary¡¡energy¡¡and¡¡abilities¡£¡¡¡¡After¡¡defeating¡¡the¡¡Illyrians¡¡he¡¡established¡¡a¡¡standing¡¡army£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡discipline¡¡was¡¡preserved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡severest¡¡punishments¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡introduced¡¡the¡¡far¡­famed¡¡Macedonian¡¡phalanx£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡16¡¡men¡¡deep£»¡¡armed¡¡with¡¡long¡¡projecting¡¡spears¡£

Philip's¡¡views¡¡were¡¡first¡¡turned¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡frontiers¡¡of¡¡his¡¡dominions£»¡¡where¡¡his¡¡interests¡¡clashed¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡few¡¡years¡¡before¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡had¡¡made¡¡various¡¡unavailing¡¡attempts¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡Amphipolis£»¡¡once¡¡the¡¡jewel¡¡of¡¡their¡¡empire£»¡¡but¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡never¡¡recovered¡¡since¡¡its¡¡capture¡¡by¡¡Brasidas¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eighth¡¡year¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡situation¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Strymon¡¡rendered¡¡it¡¡also¡¡valuable¡¡to¡¡Macedonia£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡as¡¡a¡¡commercial¡¡port£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡opening¡¡a¡¡passage¡¡into¡¡Thrace¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Olynthians¡¡were¡¡likewise¡¡anxious¡¡to¡¡enrol¡¡Amphipolis¡¡as¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of¡¡their¡¡confederacy£»¡¡and¡¡accordingly¡¡proposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡to¡¡form¡¡an¡¡alliance¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡defending¡¡Amphipolis¡¡against¡¡their¡¡mutual¡¡enemy¡£¡¡¡¡An¡¡alliance¡¡between¡¡these¡¡two¡¡powerful¡¡states¡¡would¡¡have¡¡proved¡¡an¡¡insurmountable¡¡obstacle¡¡to¡¡Philip's¡¡views£º¡¡¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡therefore¡¡absolutely¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡this¡¡coalition¡£¡¡¡¡Here¡¡we¡¡have¡¡the¡¡first¡¡instance¡¡of¡¡Philip's¡¡skill¡¡and¡¡duplicity¡¡in¡¡negotiation¡£¡¡By¡¡secretly¡¡promising¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡put¡¡Amphipolis¡¡into¡¡their¡¡hands¡¡if¡¡they¡¡would¡¡give¡¡him¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡Pydna£»¡¡he¡¡induced¡¡them¡¡to¡¡reject¡¡the¡¡overtures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Olynthians£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡ceding¡¡to¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡the¡¡town¡¡of¡¡Anthemus£»¡¡he¡¡bought¡¡off¡¡their¡¡opposition¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡now¡¡laid¡¡siege¡¡to¡¡Amphipolis£»¡¡which£»¡¡being¡¡thus¡¡left¡¡unaided£»¡¡fell¡¡into¡¡his¡¡hands¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡358£©¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡then¡¡forthwith¡¡marched¡¡against¡¡Pydna£»¡¡which¡¡surrendered¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡who¡¡had¡¡put¡¡him¡¡in¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡this¡¡town£»¡¡he¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡give¡¡up¡¡Amphipolis¡¡to¡¡them¡£

Philip¡¡had¡¡now¡¡just¡¡reason¡¡to¡¡dread¡¡the¡¡enmity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenians£»¡¡and¡¡accordingly¡¡it¡¡was¡¡his¡¡policy¡¡to¡¡court¡¡the¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Olynthians£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡them¡¡from¡¡renewing¡¡their¡¡negotiations¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡separate¡¡them¡¡more¡¡effectually£»¡¡he¡¡assisted¡¡the¡¡Olynthians¡¡in¡¡recovering¡¡Potidaea£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡formerly¡¡belonged¡¡to¡¡their¡¡confederacy£»¡¡but¡¡was¡¡now¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡capture¡¡of¡¡the¡¡town¡¡he¡¡handed¡¡it¡¡over¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Olynthians¡£¡¡¡¡Plutarch¡¡relates¡¡that¡¡the¡¡capture¡¡of¡¡Potidaea¡¡was¡¡accompanied¡¡with¡¡three¡¡other¡¡fortunate¡¡events¡¡in¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡Philip£»¡¡namely£»¡¡the¡¡prize¡¡gained¡¡by¡¡his¡¡chariot¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Olympic¡¡games£»¡¡a¡¡victory¡¡of¡¡his¡¡general¡¡Parmenio¡¡over¡¡the¡¡Illyrians£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡birth¡¡of¡¡his¡¡son¡¡Alexander¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡events¡¡happened¡¡in¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡356¡£

Philip¡¡now¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡Strymon£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡left¡¡bank¡¡of¡¡which¡¡lay¡¡Pangaeus£»¡¡a¡¡range¡¡of¡¡mountains¡¡abounding¡¡in¡¡gold¡­mines¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡conquered¡¡the¡¡district£»¡¡and¡¡founded¡¡there¡¡a¡¡new¡¡town¡¡called¡¡Philippi£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡site¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡Thracian¡¡town¡¡of¡¡Crenides¡£¡¡By¡¡improved¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡working¡¡the¡¡mines¡¡he¡¡made¡¡them¡¡yield¡¡an¡¡annual¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡1000¡¡talents£»¡¡nearly¡¡250£»000l¡£

Meanwhile¡¡Athens¡¡was¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡a¡¡war¡¡with¡¡her¡¡allies£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡been¡¡called¡¡the¡¡SOCIAL¡¡WAR£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡was£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡she¡¡was¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡look¡¡quietly¡¡on¡¡whilst¡¡Philip¡¡was¡¡thus¡¡aggrandizing¡¡himself¡¡at¡¡her¡¡expense¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡war¡¡broke¡¡out¡¡in¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡357¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡chief¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡it¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡contributions¡¡levied¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡allies¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡generals¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡war¡¡lasted¡¡three¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡Artaxerxes£»¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡king£»¡¡threatened¡¡to¡¡support¡¡the¡¡allies¡¡with¡¡a¡¡fleet¡¡of¡¡300¡¡ships£»¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡were¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡consent¡¡to¡¡a¡¡disadvantageous¡¡peace£»¡¡which¡¡secured¡¡the¡¡independence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡more¡¡important¡¡allies¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡355£©¡£

Another¡¡war£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡raging¡¡during¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡tended¡¡still¡¡further¡¡to¡¡exhaust¡¡the¡¡Grecian¡¡states£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡pave¡¡the¡¡way¡¡for¡¡Philip's¡¡progress¡¡to¡¡the¡¡supremacy¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡SACRED¡¡WAR£»¡¡which¡¡broke¡¡out¡¡between¡¡Thebes¡¡and¡¡Phocis¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡year¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Social¡¡War¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡357£©¡£¡¡¡¡An¡¡ill¡­feeling¡¡had¡¡long¡¡subsisted¡¡between¡¡those¡¡two¡¡countries¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Thebans¡¡now¡¡availed¡¡themselves¡¡of¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡which¡¡they¡¡possessed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Amphictyonic¡¡council¡¡to¡¡take¡¡vengeance¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Phocians¡¡and¡¡accordingly¡¡induced¡¡this¡¡body¡¡to¡¡impose¡¡a¡¡heavy¡¡fine¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡people£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡had¡¡cultivated¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Cirrhaean¡¡plain£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡consecrated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Delphian¡¡god£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡to¡¡lie¡¡waste¡¡for¡¡ever¡£¡¡The¡¡Phocians¡¡pleaded¡¡that¡¡the¡¡payment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fine¡¡would¡¡ruin¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡listening¡¡to¡¡their¡¡remonstrances£»¡¡the¡¡Amphictyons¡¡doubled¡¡the¡¡amount£»¡¡and¡¡threatened£»¡¡in¡¡case¡¡of¡¡their¡¡continued¡¡refusal¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡them¡¡to¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡serfs¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡driven¡¡to¡¡desperation£»¡¡the¡¡Phocians¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡complete¡¡the¡¡sacrilege¡¡with¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡branded£»¡¡by¡¡seizing¡¡the¡¡very¡¡temple¡¡of¡¡Delphi¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡leader¡¡and¡¡counsellor¡¡of¡¡this¡¡enterprise¡¡was¡¡Philomelus£»¡¡who£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡force¡¡of¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡2000¡¡men£»¡¡surprised¡¡and¡¡took¡¡Delphi¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡first£»¡¡however£»¡¡he¡¡carefully¡¡abstained¡¡from¡¡touching¡¡the¡¡sacred¡¡treasure£»¡¡but¡¡being¡¡hard¡¡pressed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Thebans¡¡and¡¡their¡¡allies£»¡¡he¡¡threw¡¡off¡¡the¡¡scruples¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡hitherto¡¡assumed£»¡¡and¡¡announced¡¡that¡¡the¡¡sacred¡¡treasures¡¡should¡¡be¡¡converted¡¡into¡¡a¡¡fund¡¡for¡¡the¡¡payment¡¡of¡¡mercenaries¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡Philomelus£»¡¡who¡¡fell¡¡in¡¡battle£»¡¡the¡¡command¡¡was¡¡assumed¡¡by¡¡his¡¡brother¡¡Onomarchus£»¡¡who¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡the¡¡war¡¡with¡¡vigour¡¡and¡¡success¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡he¡¡was¡¡checked¡¡in¡¡his¡¡career¡¡by¡¡Philip£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡previously¡¡been¡¡extending¡¡his

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