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At¡¡the¡¡first¡¡news¡¡of¡¡the¡¡re¡­establishment¡¡of¡¡democracy¡¡at¡¡Samos£»¡¡distrust¡¡and¡¡discord¡¡had¡¡broken¡¡out¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Four¡¡Hundred¡£¡¡Antiphon¡¡and¡¡Phrynichus£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡section¡¡of¡¡the¡¡oligarchical¡¡party£»¡¡were¡¡for¡¡admitting¡¡a¡¡Lacedaemonian¡¡garrison¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡others£»¡¡discontented¡¡with¡¡their¡¡share¡¡of¡¡power£»¡¡began¡¡to¡¡affect¡¡more¡¡popular¡¡sentiments£»¡¡among¡¡whom¡¡were¡¡Theramenes¡¡and¡¡Aristocrates¡£¡¡¡¡Meantime¡¡Euboea£»¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Lacedaemonians¡¡and¡¡Boeotians£»¡¡revolted¡¡from¡¡Athens¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡this¡¡island¡¡seemed¡¡a¡¡death¡­blow¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Lacedaemonians¡¡might¡¡now¡¡easily¡¡blockade¡¡the¡¡ports¡¡of¡¡Athens¡¡and¡¡starve¡¡her¡¡into¡¡surrender£»¡¡whilst¡¡the¡¡partisans¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Four¡¡Hundred¡¡would¡¡doubtless¡¡co¡­operate¡¡with¡¡the¡¡enemy¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡from¡¡this¡¡fate¡¡they¡¡were¡¡saved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡characteristic¡¡slowness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lacedaemonians£»¡¡who¡¡confined¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡securing¡¡the¡¡conquest¡¡of¡¡Euboea¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡left¡¡unmolested£»¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡convened¡¡an¡¡assembly¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Pnyx¡£¡¡Votes¡¡were¡¡passed¡¡for¡¡deposing¡¡the¡¡Four¡¡Hundred£»¡¡and¡¡placing¡¡the¡¡government¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡5000£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡every¡¡citizen¡¡who¡¡could¡¡furnish¡¡a¡¡panoply¡¡might¡¡be¡¡a¡¡member¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡short£»¡¡the¡¡old¡¡constitution¡¡was¡¡restored£»¡¡except¡¡that¡¡the¡¡franchise¡¡was¡¡restricted¡¡to¡¡5000¡¡citizens£»¡¡and¡¡payment¡¡for¡¡the¡¡discharge¡¡of¡¡civil¡¡functions¡¡abolished¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡subsequent¡¡assemblies£»¡¡the¡¡Archons£»¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡institutions¡¡were¡¡revived£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡vote¡¡was¡¡passed¡¡to¡¡recall¡¡Alcibiades¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡his¡¡friends¡£¡¡The¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the¡¡5000¡¡was¡¡never¡¡exactly¡¡observed£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡soon¡¡enlarged¡¡into¡¡universal¡¡citizenship¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡Four¡¡Hundred¡¡were¡¡overthrown¡¡after¡¡a¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡four¡¡months£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡411¡£

While¡¡these¡¡things¡¡were¡¡going¡¡on¡¡at¡¡Athens£»¡¡the¡¡war¡¡was¡¡prosecuted¡¡with¡¡vigour¡¡on¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Asia¡¡Minor¡£¡¡¡¡Mindarus£»¡¡who¡¡now¡¡commanded¡¡the¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡fleet£»¡¡disgusted¡¡at¡¡length¡¡by¡¡the¡¡often¡­broken¡¡promises¡¡of¡¡Tissaphernes£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡scanty¡¡and¡¡irregular¡¡pay¡¡which¡¡he¡¡furnished£»¡¡set¡¡sail¡¡from¡¡Miletus¡¡and¡¡proceeded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Hellespont£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡intention¡¡of¡¡assisting¡¡the¡¡satrap¡¡Pharnabazus£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡effecting£»¡¡if¡¡possible£»¡¡the¡¡revolt¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡dependencies¡¡in¡¡that¡¡quarter¡£¡¡¡¡Hither¡¡he¡¡was¡¡pursued¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡fleet¡¡under¡¡Thrasyllus¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡a¡¡few¡¡days¡¡an¡¡engagement¡¡ensued¡¡£¨in¡¡August£»¡¡411¡¡B¡£C¡££©£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡straits¡¡between¡¡Sestos¡¡and¡¡Abydos£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Athenians£»¡¡though¡¡with¡¡a¡¡smaller¡¡force£»¡¡gained¡¡the¡¡victory¡¡and¡¡erected¡¡a¡¡trophy¡¡on¡¡the¡¡promontory¡¡of¡¡Cynossema£»¡¡near¡¡the¡¡tomb¡¡and¡¡chapel¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Trojan¡¡queen¡¡Hecuba¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Athenians¡¡followed¡¡up¡¡their¡¡victory¡¡by¡¡the¡¡reduction¡¡of¡¡Cyzicus£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡revolted¡¡from¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡month¡¡or¡¡two¡¡afterwards¡¡another¡¡obstinate¡¡engagement¡¡took¡¡place¡¡between¡¡the¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡and¡¡Athenian¡¡fleets¡¡ness¡¡Abydos£»¡¡which¡¡lasted¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡day£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡at¡¡length¡¡decided¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡by¡¡the¡¡arrival¡¡of¡¡Alcibiades¡¡with¡¡his¡¡squadron¡¡of¡¡eighteen¡¡ships¡¡from¡¡Samos¡£

Shortly¡¡after¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡Tissaphernes¡¡arrived¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Hellespont¡¡with¡¡the¡¡view¡¡of¡¡conciliating¡¡the¡¡offended¡¡Peloponnesians¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡not¡¡only¡¡jealous¡¡of¡¡the¡¡assistance¡¡which¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡were¡¡now¡¡rendering¡¡to¡¡Pharnabarzus£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡also¡¡evident¡¡that¡¡his¡¡temporizing¡¡policy¡¡had¡¡displeased¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡court¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡appears¡¡from¡¡his¡¡conduct¡¡on¡¡the¡¡present¡¡occasion£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡from¡¡the¡¡subsequent¡¡appointment¡¡of¡¡Cyrus¡¡to¡¡the¡¡supreme¡¡command¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Asiatic¡¡coast¡¡as¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡presently¡¡have¡¡to¡¡relate¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡Alcibiades£»¡¡who¡¡imagined¡¡that¡¡Tissaphernes¡¡was¡¡still¡¡favourable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡cause¡¡waited¡¡on¡¡him¡¡with¡¡the¡¡customary¡¡presents£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡arrested¡¡by¡¡order¡¡of¡¡the¡¡satrap£»¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡in¡¡custody¡¡to¡¡Sardis¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡a¡¡month£»¡¡however£»¡¡he¡¡contrived¡¡to¡¡escape¡¡to¡¡Clazomenae£»¡¡and¡¡again¡¡joined¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡fleet¡¡early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡410¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡Mindaras£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡assistance¡¡of¡¡Pharnabazas¡¡on¡¡the¡¡land¡¡side£»¡¡was¡¡now¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡the¡¡siege¡¡of¡¡Cyzicus£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡admirals¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡relieve¡£¡¡¡¡Here¡¡a¡¡battle¡¡ensued£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Mindarus¡¡was¡¡slain£»¡¡the¡¡Lacedaemonians¡¡and¡¡Persians¡¡routed£»¡¡and¡¡almost¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡fleet¡¡captured¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡severity¡¡of¡¡this¡¡blow¡¡was¡¡pictured¡¡in¡¡the¡¡laconic¡¡epistle¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Hippocrates£»¡¡the¡¡second¡¡in¡¡command£»¡¡£§Called¡¡Epistoteus¡¡or¡¡¡¨Secretary¡¨¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Lacedaemonian¡¡fleet¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡commander¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fleet¡¡had¡¡the¡¡title¡¡of¡¡NAVARCHUS¡££§¡¡¡¡announced¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Ephors£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Our¡¡good¡¡luck¡¡is¡¡gone£»¡¡Mindarus¡¡is¡¡slain£»¡¡the¡¡men¡¡are¡¡starving£»¡¡we¡¡know¡¡not¡¡what¡¡to¡¡do¡£¡¨

The¡¡results¡¡of¡¡this¡¡victory¡¡were¡¡most¡¡important¡£¡¡¡¡Perinthus¡¡and¡¡Selymbria£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡Cyzicus£»¡¡were¡¡recovered£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Athenians£»¡¡once¡¡more¡¡masters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Propontis£»¡¡fortified¡¡the¡¡town¡¡of¡¡Chrysopolis£»¡¡over¡¡against¡¡Byzantium£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡entrance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bosporus£»¡¡re¡­established¡¡their¡¡toll¡¡of¡¡ten¡¡per¡¡cent£»¡¡on¡¡all¡¡vessels¡¡passing¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Euxine£»¡¡and¡¡left¡¡a¡¡squadron¡¡to¡¡guard¡¡the¡¡strait¡¡and¡¡collect¡¡the¡¡dues¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡great¡¡was¡¡the¡¡discouragement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lacedaemonians¡¡at¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡their¡¡fleet¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Ephor¡¡Endius¡¡proceeded¡¡to¡¡Athens¡¡to¡¡treat¡¡for¡¡peace¡¡on¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡both¡¡parties¡¡standing¡¡just¡¡as¡¡they¡¡were¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Athenian¡¡assembly¡¡was¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡led¡¡by¡¡the¡¡demagogue¡¡Cleophon£»¡¡a¡¡lamp¡­maker£»¡¡known¡¡to¡¡us¡¡by¡¡the¡¡later¡¡comedies¡¡of¡¡Aristophanes¡£¡¡¡¡Cleophon¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡considerable¡¡ability£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡late¡¡victories¡¡had¡¡inspired¡¡him¡¡with¡¡too¡¡sanguine¡¡hopes¡¡and¡¡he¡¡advised¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡to¡¡reject¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡proposed¡¡by¡¡Endius¡£¡¡¡¡Athens¡¡thus¡¡throw¡¡away¡¡the¡¡golden¡¡opportunity¡¡of¡¡recruiting¡¡her¡¡shattered¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡which¡¡she¡¡stood¡¡so¡¡much¡¡in¡¡need£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡this¡¡unfortunate¡¡advice¡¡must¡¡be¡¡ascribed¡¡the¡¡calamities¡¡which¡¡subsequently¡¡overtook¡¡her¡£

The¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bosporus¡¡reopened¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡the¡¡trade¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Euxine¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡his¡¡lofty¡¡fortress¡¡at¡¡Decelea¡¡the¡¡Spartan¡¡king¡¡Agris¡¡could¡¡descry¡¡the¡¡corn¡­ships¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Euxine¡¡sailing¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Harbour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Piraeus£»¡¡and¡¡felt¡¡how¡¡fruitless¡¡it¡¡was¡¡to¡¡occupy¡¡the¡¡fields¡¡of¡¡Attica¡¡whilst¡¡such¡¡abundant¡¡supplies¡¡of¡¡provisions¡¡were¡¡continually¡¡finding¡¡their¡¡way¡¡to¡¡the¡¡city¡£

In¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡408¡¡the¡¡important¡¡towns¡¡of¡¡Chalcedon£»¡¡Selymbria£»¡¡and¡¡Byzantium¡¡fell¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenians£»¡¡thus¡¡leaving¡¡them¡¡undisputed¡¡masters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Propontis¡£

These¡¡great¡¡achievements¡¡of¡¡Alcibiades¡¡naturally¡¡paved¡¡the¡¡way¡¡for¡¡his¡¡return¡¡to¡¡Athens¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡407¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡he¡¡proceeded¡¡with¡¡the¡¡fleet¡¡to¡¡Samos£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡thence¡¡sailed¡¡to¡¡Piraeus¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡reception¡¡was¡¡far¡¡more¡¡favourable¡¡than¡¡he¡¡had¡¡ventured¡¡to¡¡anticipate¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡population¡¡of¡¡Athens¡¡flocked¡¡down¡¡to¡¡Piraeus¡¡to¡¡welcome¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡escorted¡¡him¡¡to¡¡th

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