±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > a smaller history of greece >

µÚ16ÕÂ

a smaller history of greece-µÚ16ÕÂ

С˵£º a smaller history of greece ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



¡¡¡¡This¡¡confidence¡¡Miltiades¡¡abused¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡gratify¡¡a¡¡private¡¡animosity¡¡against¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leading¡¡citizens¡¡of¡¡Paros£»¡¡he¡¡sailed¡¡to¡¡this¡¡island¡¡and¡¡laid¡¡siege¡¡to¡¡the¡¡town¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡citizens¡¡repelled¡¡all¡¡his¡¡attacks£»¡¡and¡¡having¡¡received¡¡a¡¡dangerous¡¡injury¡¡on¡¡his¡¡thigh£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡the¡¡siege¡¡and¡¡return¡¡to¡¡Athens¡£¡¡Loud¡¡was¡¡the¡¡indignation¡¡against¡¡Miltiades¡¡on¡¡his¡¡return¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡accused¡¡by¡¡Xanthippus£»¡¡the¡¡father¡¡of¡¡Pericles£»¡¡of¡¡having¡¡deceived¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡trial¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡wound¡¡had¡¡already¡¡begun¡¡to¡¡show¡¡symptoms¡¡of¡¡gangrene¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡carried¡¡into¡¡court¡¡on¡¡a¡¡couch£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡lay¡¡before¡¡the¡¡assembled¡¡judges£»¡¡while¡¡his¡¡friends¡¡pleaded¡¡on¡¡his¡¡behalf¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡could¡¡offer¡¡no¡¡excuse¡¡for¡¡his¡¡recent¡¡conduct£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡reminded¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡services¡¡he¡¡had¡¡rendered£»¡¡and£»¡¡begged¡¡them¡¡to¡¡spare¡¡the¡¡victor¡¡of¡¡Marathon¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡judges¡¡were¡¡not¡¡insensible¡¡to¡¡this¡¡appeal£»¡¡and¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡condemning¡¡him¡¡to¡¡death¡¡as¡¡the¡¡accuser¡¡had¡¡demanded£»¡¡they¡¡commuted¡¡the¡¡penalty¡¡to¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡of¡¡fifty¡¡talents¡£¡¡¡¡Miltiades¡¡was¡¡unable¡¡immediately¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡this¡¡sum¡¡and¡¡died¡¡soon¡¡afterwards¡¡of¡¡his¡¡wound¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡fine¡¡was¡¡subsequently¡¡paid¡¡by¡¡his¡¡son¡¡Cimon¡£¡¡The¡¡melancholy¡¡end¡¡of¡¡Miltiades¡¡must¡¡not¡¡blind¡¡us¡¡to¡¡his¡¡offence¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡grossly¡¡abused¡¡the¡¡public¡¡confidence£»¡¡and¡¡deserved¡¡his¡¡punishment¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Athenians¡¡did¡¡not¡¡forget¡¡his¡¡services¡¡at¡¡Marathon£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡their¡¡gratitude¡¡towards¡¡him¡¡which¡¡alone¡¡saved¡¡him¡¡from¡¡death¡£

Soon¡¡after¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡Marathon¡¡a¡¡war¡¡broke¡¡out¡¡between¡¡Athens¡¡and¡¡AEgina¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡war¡¡is¡¡of¡¡great¡¡importance¡¡in¡¡Grecian¡¡history£»¡¡since¡¡to¡¡it¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡were¡¡indebted¡¡for¡¡their¡¡navy£»¡¡which¡¡enabled¡¡them¡¡to¡¡save¡¡Greece¡¡at¡¡Salamis¡¡as¡¡they¡¡had¡¡already¡¡done¡¡at¡¡Marathon¡£¡¡¡¡AEgina¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡maritime¡¡powers¡¡in¡¡Greece£»¡¡and¡¡accordingly¡¡Themistocles¡¡urged¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡to¡¡build¡¡and¡¡equip¡¡a¡¡large¡¡and¡¡powerful¡¡fleet£»¡¡without¡¡which¡¡it¡¡was¡¡impossible¡¡for¡¡them¡¡to¡¡humble¡¡their¡¡rival¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡was¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡a¡¡large¡¡surplus¡¡in¡¡the¡¡public¡¡treasury£»¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡the¡¡produce¡¡of¡¡the¡¡silver¡­mines¡¡at¡¡Laurium¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡had¡¡been¡¡recently¡¡proposed¡¡to¡¡distribute¡¡this¡¡surplus¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡citizens£»¡¡but¡¡Themistocles¡¡persuaded¡¡them¡¡to¡¡sacrifice¡¡their¡¡private¡¡advantage¡¡to¡¡the¡¡public¡¡good£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡appropriate¡¡the¡¡money¡¡to¡¡building¡¡a¡¡fleet¡¡of¡¡200¡¡ships¡£

The¡¡two¡¡leading¡¡citizens¡¡of¡¡Athens¡¡at¡¡this¡¡period¡¡were¡¡Themistocles¡¡and¡¡Aristides¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡two¡¡eminent¡¡men¡¡formed¡¡a¡¡striking¡¡contrast¡¡to¡¡each¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡Themistocles¡¡possessed¡¡abilities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡extraordinary¡¡kind£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡were¡¡marred¡¡by¡¡a¡¡want¡¡of¡¡honesty¡£¡¡¡¡Aristides¡¡was¡¡inferior¡¡to¡¡Themistocles¡¡in¡¡ability£»¡¡but¡¡was¡¡incomparably¡¡superior¡¡to¡¡him¡¡in¡¡honesty¡¡and¡¡integrity¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡uprightness¡¡and¡¡justice¡¡were¡¡so¡¡universally¡¡acknowledged¡¡that¡¡he¡¡received¡¡the¡¡surname¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¨Just¡£¡¨¡¡Themistocles¡¡was¡¡the¡¡leader¡¡of¡¡the¡¡democratical£»¡¡and¡¡Aristides¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conservative¡¡party¡¡at¡¡Athens¡£¡¡¡¡After¡¡three¡¡or¡¡four¡¡years¡¡of¡¡bitter¡¡rivalry£»¡¡the¡¡two¡¡chiefs¡¡appealed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ostracism£»¡¡and¡¡Aristides¡¡was¡¡banished¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡483£©¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡are¡¡told¡¡that¡¡an¡¡unlettered¡¡countryman¡¡gave¡¡his¡¡vote¡¡against¡¡Aristides¡¡at¡¡the¡¡ostracism£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡was¡¡tired¡¡of¡¡hearing¡¡him¡¡always¡¡called¡¡the¡¡Just¡£



CHAPTER¡¡VIII¡£

THE¡¡PERSIAN¡¡WARS¡£THE¡¡BATTLES¡¡OF¡¡THERMOPYLAE£»¡¡SALAMIS£»¡¡AND¡¡PLATAEA£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡480¡­479¡£

The¡¡defeat¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persians¡¡at¡¡Marathon¡¡served¡¡only¡¡to¡¡increase¡¡the¡¡resentment¡¡of¡¡Darius¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡now¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡collect¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡his¡¡empire£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡lead¡¡them¡¡in¡¡person¡¡against¡¡Athens¡£¡¡For¡¡three¡¡years¡¡busy¡¡preparations¡¡were¡¡made¡¡throughout¡¡his¡¡vast¡¡dominions¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡year¡¡his¡¡attention¡¡was¡¡distracted¡¡by¡¡a¡¡revolt¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Egyptians£»¡¡and¡¡before¡¡he¡¡could¡¡reduce¡¡them¡¡to¡¡subjection¡¡he¡¡was¡¡surprised¡¡by¡¡death£»¡¡after¡¡a¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡37¡¡years¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡485£©¡£¡¡¡¡Xerxes£»¡¡the¡¡son¡¡and¡¡successor¡¡of¡¡Darius£»¡¡had¡¡received¡¡the¡¡education¡¡of¡¡an¡¡eastern¡¡despot£»¡¡and¡¡been¡¡surrounded¡¡with¡¡slaves¡¡from¡¡his¡¡cradle¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡person¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡tallest¡¡and¡¡handsomest¡¡man¡¡amidst¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡hosts¡¡which¡¡he¡¡led¡¡against¡¡Greece£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡was¡¡nothing¡¡in¡¡his¡¡mind¡¡to¡¡correspond¡¡to¡¡this¡¡fair¡¡exterior¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡character¡¡was¡¡marked¡¡by¡¡faint¡­hearted¡¡timidity¡¡and¡¡childish¡¡vanity¡£¡¡¡¡Xerxes¡¡had¡¡not¡¡inherited¡¡his¡¡father's¡¡animosity¡¡against¡¡Greece£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡was¡¡surrounded¡¡by¡¡men¡¡who¡¡urged¡¡him¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡the¡¡enterprise¡£¡¡¡¡Foremost¡¡among¡¡these¡¡was¡¡Mardonius£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡eager¡¡to¡¡retrieve¡¡his¡¡reputation£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡the¡¡conquered¡¡country¡¡as¡¡a¡¡satrapy¡¡for¡¡himself¡¡after¡¡subduing¡¡Egypt¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡484£©£»¡¡Xerxes¡¡began¡¡to¡¡make¡¡preparations¡¡for¡¡the¡¡invasion¡¡of¡¡Greece¡£¡¡For¡¡four¡¡years¡¡the¡¡din¡¡of¡¡preparation¡¡sounded¡¡throughout¡¡Asia¡£¡¡Troops¡¡were¡¡collected¡¡from¡¡every¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡empire£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡ordered¡¡to¡¡assemble¡¡in¡¡Cappadocia¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡many¡¡as¡¡forty¡­six¡¡different¡¡nations¡¡composed¡¡the¡¡land¡­force£»¡¡of¡¡various¡¡complexions£»¡¡languages£»¡¡dresses£»¡¡and¡¡arms¡£¡¡¡¡Meantime¡¡Xerxes¡¡ordered¡¡a¡¡bridge¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thrown¡¡across¡¡the¡¡Hellespont£»¡¡that¡¡his¡¡army¡¡might¡¡march¡¡from¡¡Asia¡¡into¡¡Europe£º¡¡¡¡and¡¡he¡¡likewise¡¡gave¡¡directions¡¡that¡¡a¡¡canal¡¡should¡¡be¡¡cut¡¡through¡¡the¡¡isthmus¡¡of¡¡Mount¡¡Athos£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡the¡¡necessity¡¡of¡¡doubling¡¡this¡¡dangerous¡¡promontory£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡fleet¡¡of¡¡Mardonius¡¡had¡¡suffered¡¡shipwreck¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡making¡¡of¡¡this¡¡canal£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡about¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡long¡¡employed¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡men¡¡for¡¡three¡¡years¡£

In¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡480¡¡Xerxes¡¡set¡¡out¡¡from¡¡Sardis¡¡with¡¡his¡¡vast¡¡host¡£¡¡¡¡Upon¡¡reaching¡¡Abydos¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Hellespont¡¡the¡¡army¡¡crossed¡¡over¡¡to¡¡Europe¡¡by¡¡the¡¡bridge¡¡of¡¡boats¡£¡¡¡¡Xerxes¡¡surveyed¡¡the¡¡scene¡¡from¡¡a¡¡marble¡¡throne¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡heart¡¡swelled¡¡within¡¡him¡¡at¡¡the¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡assemblage¡¡of¡¡human¡¡beings£»¡¡but¡¡his¡¡feelings¡¡of¡¡pride¡¡and¡¡pleasure¡¡soon¡¡gave¡¡way¡¡to¡¡sadness£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡burst¡¡into¡¡tears¡¡at¡¡the¡¡reflection¡¡that¡¡in¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡not¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡would¡¡be¡¡alive¡£¡¡¡¡Xerxes¡¡continued¡¡his¡¡march¡¡through¡¡Europe¡¡along¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Thrace¡£¡¡¡¡Upon¡¡arriving¡¡at¡¡the¡¡spacious¡¡plain¡¡of¡¡Doriscus£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡traversed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡river¡¡Hebrus£»¡¡he¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡number¡¡his¡¡forces¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡found¡¡that¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡armament£»¡¡both¡¡military¡¡and¡¡naval£»¡¡consisted¡¡of¡¡2£»317£»610¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡his¡¡march¡¡from¡¡Doriscus¡¡to¡¡Thermopylae¡¡he¡¡received¡¡a¡¡still¡¡further¡¡accession¡¡of¡¡strength£»¡¡and¡¡accordingly¡¡when¡¡he¡¡reached¡¡Thermopylae¡¡the¡¡land¡¡and¡¡sea¡¡forces¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡2£»641£»610¡¡fighting¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡attendants¡¡are¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡more¡¡in¡¡number¡¡than¡¡the¡¡fighting¡¡men£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡only¡¡equal£»¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡persons¡¡who¡¡accompanied¡¡Xerxes¡¡to¡¡Thermopylae¡¡reaches¡¡the¡¡astounding¡¡figure¡¡of¡¡5£»283£»220£¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡number¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡incredible£»¡¡but¡¡though¡¡the¡¡exact¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the¡¡invading¡¡army¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡determined£»¡¡we¡¡may¡¡safely¡¡conclude£»¡¡from¡¡all¡¡the¡¡circumstances¡¡of¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡ever¡¡assembled¡¡at¡¡any¡¡period¡¡of¡¡history¡£

From¡¡Doriscus¡¡Xerxes¡¡his¡¡march¡¡along¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡through¡¡Thrace¡¡and¡¡Macedonia¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡principal¡¡cities¡¡through¡¡which¡¡he¡¡passed¡¡had¡¡to¡¡furnish¡¡a¡¡day's¡¡meal¡¡for¡¡the¡¡immense¡¡host£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡this¡¡purpose¡¡had¡¡made¡¡preparations¡¡many¡¡months¡¡before¡­hand¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡feeding¡¡such¡¡a¡¡multitude¡¡brought¡¡many¡¡cities¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brink¡¡of¡¡ruin¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡Acanthus¡¡his¡¡fleet¡¡sailed¡¡through¡¡the¡¡isthmus¡¡of¡¡Athos¡¡and¡¡after¡¡doubling¡¡the¡¡promontories¡¡of¡¡Sithonia¡¡and¡¡Pallene¡¡joined¡¡him¡¡at¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Therma£»¡¡better¡¡known¡¡by¡¡its¡¡later¡¡name¡¡of¡¡Thessalonica¡£¡¡¡¡Thence¡¡he¡¡continued¡¡his¡¡march¡¡through¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡part¡¡of¡¡Macedonia¡¡and¡¡Thessaly£»¡¡meeting¡¡with¡¡no¡¡opposition¡¡till¡¡he¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡celebrated¡¡pass¡¡of¡¡Thermopylae¡£

The¡¡mighty¡¡preparations¡¡of¡¡Xerxes¡¡had¡¡been¡¡no¡¡secret¡¡in¡¡Greece£»¡¡and¡¡during¡¡the¡¡preceding¡¡winter¡¡a¡¡congress¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Grecian¡¡states¡¡had¡¡been¡¡summoned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Spartans¡¡and¡¡Athenians¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡at¡¡the¡¡isthmus¡¡of¡¡Corinth¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡so¡¡great¡¡was¡¡the¡¡terror¡¡inspired¡¡by¡¡the¡¡countless¡¡hosts¡¡of¡¡Xerxes¡¡that¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Grecian¡¡states¡¡at¡¡once¡¡tendered¡¡their¡¡submission¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡take¡¡any¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡congress¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡only¡¡people£»¡¡north¡¡of¡¡the¡¡isthmus¡¡of¡¡Corinth£»¡¡who¡¡remained¡¡faithful¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡Grecian¡¡liberty£»¡¡were¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡and¡¡Phocians£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡small¡¡Boeotian¡¡towns¡¡of¡¡Plataea¡¡and¡¡Thespiae¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡other¡¡people¡¡in¡¡northern¡¡Greece¡¡were¡¡either¡¡partisans¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persians£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡Thebans£»¡¡or¡¡were¡¡unwilling¡¡to¡¡make¡¡any¡¡great¡¡sacrifices¡¡for¡¡the¡¡preservation¡¡of¡¡their¡¡independence¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡Peloponnesus£»¡¡the¡¡powerful¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Argos¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Achaeans¡¡stood¡¡aloof¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡the¡¡more¡¡distant¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hellenic¡¡race¡¡no¡¡assistance¡¡was¡¡obtained¡£¡¡¡¡Gelon£»¡¡the¡¡ruler¡¡of¡¡Syracuse£»¡¡offered¡¡to¡¡send¡¡a¡¡powerf

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ