±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > a smaller history of greece >

µÚ15ÕÂ

a smaller history of greece-µÚ15ÕÂ

С˵£º a smaller history of greece ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



¡¡Great¡¡King¡£¡¡¡¡Mardonius£»¡¡after¡¡crossing¡¡the¡¡Hellespont£»¡¡commenced¡¡his¡¡march¡¡through¡¡Thrace¡¡and¡¡Macedonia£»¡¡subduing£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡went¡¡along£»¡¡the¡¡tribes¡¡which¡¡had¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡submitted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡ordered¡¡the¡¡fleet¡¡to¡¡double¡¡the¡¡promontory¡¡of¡¡Mount¡¡Athos£»¡¡and¡¡join¡¡the¡¡land¡¡forces¡¡at¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gulf¡¡of¡¡Therma£»¡¡but¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hurricanes¡¡which¡¡frequently¡¡blow¡¡off¡¡this¡¡dangerous¡¡coast¡¡overtook¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡fleet£»¡¡destroyed¡¡300¡¡vessels¡¡and¡¡drowned¡¡or¡¡dashed¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡rocks¡¡20£»000¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡Meantime¡¡the¡¡land¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡Mardonius¡¡had¡¡suffered¡¡so¡¡much¡¡from¡¡an¡¡attack¡¡made¡¡upon¡¡them¡¡by¡¡a¡¡Thracian¡¡tribe£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡proceed¡¡farther¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡led¡¡his¡¡army¡¡back¡¡across¡¡the¡¡Hellespont£»¡¡and¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡court¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡shame¡¡and¡¡grief¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡492£©¡£

The¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡this¡¡expedition¡¡did¡¡not¡¡shake¡¡the¡¡resolution¡¡of¡¡Darius¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡began¡¡to¡¡make¡¡preparations¡¡for¡¡another¡¡attempt¡¡on¡¡a¡¡still¡¡larger¡¡scale£»¡¡and¡¡meantime¡¡sent¡¡heralds¡¡to¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Grecian¡¡states¡¡to¡¡demand¡¡from¡¡each¡¡earth¡¡and¡¡water¡¡as¡¡the¡¡symbol¡¡of¡¡submission¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡terror¡¡had¡¡the¡¡Persians¡¡inspired¡¡by¡¡their¡¡recent¡¡conquest¡¡of¡¡Ionia£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Grecian¡¡cities¡¡at¡¡once¡¡complied¡¡with¡¡the¡¡demand£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡cast¡¡the¡¡herald¡¡into¡¡a¡¡deep¡¡pit£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Spartans¡¡threw¡¡him¡¡into¡¡a¡¡well¡¡bidding¡¡him¡¡take¡¡earth¡¡and¡¡water¡¡from¡¡thence¡£

In¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡490¡¡a¡¡large¡¡army¡¡and¡¡fleet¡¡were¡¡assembled¡¡in¡¡Cilicia£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡command¡¡was¡¡given¡¡to¡¡Datis£»¡¡a¡¡Median£»¡¡and¡¡Artaphernes£»¡¡son¡¡of¡¡the¡¡satrap¡¡of¡¡Sardis¡¡of¡¡that¡¡name¡£¡¡¡¡Warned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡recent¡¡disaster¡¡of¡¡Mardonius¡¡in¡¡doubling¡¡the¡¡promontory¡¡of¡¡Mount¡¡Athos£»¡¡they¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡sail¡¡straight¡¡across¡¡the¡¡AEgean¡¡to¡¡Euboea£»¡¡subduing¡¡on¡¡their¡¡way¡¡the¡¡Cyclades¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡islands¡¡yielded¡¡a¡¡ready¡¡submission£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡till¡¡Datis¡¡and¡¡Artaphernes¡¡reached¡¡Euboea¡¡that¡¡they¡¡encountered¡¡any¡¡resistance¡£¡¡Eretria¡¡defended¡¡itself¡¡gallantly¡¡for¡¡six¡¡days£»¡¡and¡¡repulsed¡¡the¡¡Persians¡¡with¡¡loss£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡the¡¡seventh¡¡the¡¡gates¡¡were¡¡opened¡¡to¡¡the¡¡besiegers¡¡by¡¡the¡¡treachery¡¡of¡¡two¡¡of¡¡its¡¡leading¡¡citizens¡£¡¡The¡¡city¡¡was¡¡razed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡were¡¡put¡¡in¡¡chains¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡Eretria¡¡the¡¡Persians¡¡crossed¡¡over¡¡to¡¡Attica£»¡¡and¡¡landed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ever¡¡memorable¡¡plain¡¡of¡¡Marathon£»¡¡a¡¡spot¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡pointed¡¡out¡¡to¡¡them¡¡by¡¡the¡¡despot¡¡Hippias£»¡¡who¡¡accompanied¡¡the¡¡army¡£

As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡news¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fall¡¡of¡¡Eretria¡¡reached¡¡Athens£»¡¡a¡¡courier¡¡had¡¡been¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡Sparta¡¡to¡¡solicit¡¡assistance¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡promised£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡superstition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Spartans¡¡prevented¡¡them¡¡from¡¡setting¡¡out¡¡immediately£»¡¡since¡¡it¡¡wanted¡¡a¡¡few¡¡days¡¡to¡¡the¡¡full¡¡moon£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡their¡¡religious¡¡customs¡¡to¡¡commence¡¡a¡¡march¡¡during¡¡this¡¡interval¡£¡¡¡¡Meantime¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡had¡¡marched¡¡to¡¡Marathon£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡encamped¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡which¡¡surrounded¡¡the¡¡plain¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡were¡¡commanded£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡regular¡¡custom£»¡¡by¡¡ten¡¡generals£»¡¡one¡¡for¡¡each¡¡tribe£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Polemarch£»¡¡or¡¡third¡¡Archon£»¡¡who¡¡down¡¡to¡¡this¡¡time¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡colleague¡¡of¡¡the¡¡generals¡£¡¡¡¡Among¡¡these¡¡the¡¡most¡¡distinguished¡¡was¡¡Miltiades£»¡¡who£»¡¡though¡¡but¡¡lately¡¡a¡¡tyrant¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Chersonesus£»¡¡had¡¡shown¡¡such¡¡energy¡¡and¡¡ability£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡had¡¡elected¡¡him¡¡one¡¡of¡¡their¡¡commanders¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡approach¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡fleet¡£¡¡¡¡Upon¡¡learning¡¡the¡¡answer¡¡which¡¡the¡¡courier¡¡brought¡¡from¡¡Sparta£»¡¡the¡¡ten¡¡generals¡¡were¡¡divided¡¡in¡¡opinion¡£¡¡¡¡Five¡¡of¡¡them¡¡were¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡an¡¡immediate¡¡engagement¡¡with¡¡the¡¡overwhelming¡¡number¡¡of¡¡Persians£»¡¡and¡¡urged¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡waiting¡¡for¡¡the¡¡arrival¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lacedaemonian¡¡succours¡£¡¡¡¡Miltiades¡¡and¡¡the¡¡remaining¡¡four¡¡contended¡¡that¡¡not¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡should¡¡be¡¡lost¡¡in¡¡fighting¡¡the¡¡Persians£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡avail¡¡themselves¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡enthusiasm¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡but¡¡still¡¡more¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡treachery¡¡from¡¡spreading¡¡among¡¡their¡¡ranks¡£¡¡Callimachus£»¡¡the¡¡Polemarch£»¡¡yielded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡arguments¡¡of¡¡Miltiades£»¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡his¡¡vote¡¡for¡¡the¡¡battle¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡ten¡¡generals¡¡commanded¡¡their¡¡army¡¡in¡¡rotation£»¡¡each¡¡for¡¡one¡¡day£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡now¡¡agreed¡¡to¡¡surrender¡¡to¡¡Miltiades¡¡their¡¡days¡¡of¡¡command£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡invest¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡power¡¡in¡¡a¡¡single¡¡person¡£¡¡¡¡While¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡were¡¡preparing¡¡for¡¡battle£»¡¡they¡¡received¡¡unexpected¡¡assistance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡little¡¡town¡¡or¡¡Plataea£»¡¡in¡¡Boeotia¡£¡¡¡¡Grateful¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡for¡¡the¡¡assistance¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡rendered¡¡them¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Thebans£»¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡force¡¡of¡¡Plataea£»¡¡amounting¡¡to¡¡1000¡¡heavy¡­armed¡¡men£»¡¡marched¡¡to¡¡the¡¡assistance¡¡of¡¡their¡¡allies¡¡and¡¡joined¡¡them¡¡at¡¡Marathon¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Athenian¡¡army¡¡numbered¡¡only¡¡10£»000¡¡hoplites£»¡¡or¡¡heavy¡­armed¡¡soldiers£º¡¡¡¡there¡¡were¡¡no¡¡archers¡¡or¡¡cavalry£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡some¡¡slaves¡¡as¡¡light¡­armed¡¡attendants¡£¡¡¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡army¡¡we¡¡have¡¡no¡¡trustworthy¡¡account£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡estimate¡¡makes¡¡it¡¡consist¡¡of¡¡110£»000¡¡men¡£

The¡¡plain¡¡of¡¡Marathon¡¡lies¡¡on¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Attica£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡twenty¡­two¡¡miles¡¡from¡¡Athens¡¡by¡¡the¡¡shortest¡¡road¡£¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡a¡¡crescent£»¡¡the¡¡horns¡¡of¡¡which¡¡consist¡¡of¡¡two¡¡promontories¡¡running¡¡into¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡and¡¡forming¡¡a¡¡semicircular¡¡bay¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡plain¡¡is¡¡about¡¡six¡¡miles¡¡in¡¡length£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡its¡¡widest¡¡or¡¡central¡¡part¡¡about¡¡two¡¡in¡¡breadth¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡battle¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡army¡¡was¡¡drawn¡¡up¡¡along¡¡the¡¡plain¡¡about¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡from¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡fleet¡¡was¡¡ranged¡¡behind¡¡them¡¡on¡¡the¡¡beach¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Athenians¡¡occupied¡¡the¡¡rising¡¡ground¡¡above¡¡the¡¡plain£»¡¡and¡¡extended¡¡from¡¡one¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plain¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡arrangement¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡their¡¡flanks¡¡by¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡on¡¡each¡¡side£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡cavalry¡¡from¡¡passing¡¡round¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡them¡¡in¡¡rear¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡so¡¡large¡¡a¡¡breadth¡¡of¡¡ground¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡occupied¡¡with¡¡a¡¡small¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡men¡¡without¡¡weakening¡¡some¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡line¡£¡¡¡¡Miltiades£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡drew¡¡up¡¡the¡¡troops¡¡in¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡in¡¡shallow¡¡files£»¡¡and¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡rely¡¡for¡¡success¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡stronger¡¡and¡¡deeper¡¡masses¡¡of¡¡his¡¡wings¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡right¡¡wing£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡the¡¡post¡¡of¡¡honour¡¡in¡¡a¡¡Grecian¡¡army£»¡¡was¡¡commanded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Polemarch¡¡Callimachus£»¡¡the¡¡hoplites¡¡were¡¡arranged¡¡in¡¡the¡¡order¡¡of¡¡their¡¡tribes£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡tribe¡¡fought¡¡by¡¡each¡¡other's¡¡side£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡left¡¡stood¡¡the¡¡Plataeans¡£

Miltiades£»¡¡anxious¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡close¡¡quarters¡¡as¡¡speedily¡¡as¡¡possible£»¡¡ordered¡¡his¡¡soldiers¡¡to¡¡advance¡¡at¡¡a¡¡running¡¡step¡¡over¡¡the¡¡mile¡¡of¡¡ground¡¡which¡¡separated¡¡them¡¡from¡¡the¡¡foe¡£¡¡¡¡Both¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡wings¡¡were¡¡successful£»¡¡and¡¡drove¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡before¡¡them¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡shore¡¡and¡¡the¡¡marshes¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡centre¡¡was¡¡broken¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Persians£»¡¡and¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡take¡¡to¡¡flight¡£¡¡Miltiades¡¡thereupon¡¡recalled¡¡his¡¡wings¡¡from¡¡pursuit£»¡¡and¡¡charged¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡centre¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡could¡¡not¡¡withstand¡¡this¡¡combined¡¡attack¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡rout¡¡now¡¡became¡¡general¡¡along¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡Persian¡¡line£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡fled¡¡to¡¡their¡¡ships£»¡¡pursued¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡£

The¡¡Persians¡¡lost¡¡6400¡¡men¡¡in¡¡this¡¡memorable¡¡engagement£º¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡only¡¡192¡¡fell¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡aged¡¡tyrant¡¡Hippias¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡perished¡¡in¡¡the¡¡battle£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡brave¡¡Polemarch¡¡Callimachus¡¡was¡¡also¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡slain¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Persians¡¡embarked¡¡and¡¡sailed¡¡away¡¡to¡¡Asia¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡departure¡¡was¡¡hailed¡¡at¡¡Athens¡¡with¡¡one¡¡unanimous¡¡burst¡¡of¡¡heartfelt¡¡joy¡£¡¡¡¡Marathon¡¡became¡¡a¡¡magic¡¡word¡¡at¡¡Athens¡£¡¡The¡¡Athenian¡¡people¡¡in¡¡succeeding¡¡ages¡¡always¡¡looked¡¡back¡¡upon¡¡this¡¡day¡¡as¡¡the¡¡most¡¡glorious¡¡in¡¡their¡¡annals£»¡¡and¡¡never¡¡tired¡¡of¡¡hearing¡¡its¡¡praises¡¡sounded¡¡by¡¡their¡¡orators¡¡and¡¡poets¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡they¡¡had¡¡reason¡¡to¡¡be¡¡proud¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡had¡¡ever¡¡defeated¡¡the¡¡Persians¡¡in¡¡the¡¡field¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡exploit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡alone¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡had¡¡saved¡¡not¡¡only¡¡Athens¡¡but¡¡all¡¡Greece¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡Persians¡¡had¡¡conquered¡¡at¡¡Marathon£»¡¡Greece¡¡must£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡likelihood£»¡¡have¡¡become¡¡a¡¡Persian¡¡province£»¡¡the¡¡destinies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡changed£»¡¡and¡¡oriental¡¡despotism¡¡might¡¡still¡¡have¡¡brooded¡¡over¡¡the¡¡fairest¡¡countries¡¡of¡¡Europe¡£

The¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡ninety¡­two¡¡Athenians¡¡who¡¡had¡¡perished¡¡in¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡were¡¡buried¡¡on¡¡the¡¡field£»¡¡and¡¡over¡¡their¡¡remains¡¡a¡¡tumulus¡¡or¡¡mound¡¡was¡¡erected£»¡¡which¡¡may¡¡still¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡about¡¡half¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡from¡¡the¡¡sea¡£

Shortly¡¡after¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡Miltiades¡¡requested¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡a¡¡fleet¡¡of¡¡seventy¡¡ships£»¡¡without¡¡telling¡¡them¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡his¡¡expedition£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡promising¡¡to¡¡enrich¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡unbounded¡¡confidence¡¡did¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡repose¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hero¡¡of¡¡Marathon£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡at¡¡once¡¡complied¡¡with¡¡his¡¡demand¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡confidence¡¡Miltiades¡¡abused¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡gratify¡¡a¡¡private¡¡animosity¡¡against¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lead

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ